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OF  ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY 

S8I.9  73 
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V.i    coP.  2 


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the  mum 

OF  THE 


GENERA 

FLORAE    AMERICA    BOREALI-ORIKNTALIS 

ILLUSTRATA. 


THE     GENERA 

OF    THE 

PLANTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

ILLUSTRATED 

BY   FIGURES   AND   ANALYSES   FROM   NATURE, 

By    ISAAC    SPRAGUE, 

MEMBER  OF  THE   BOSTON   NATURAL   HISTORY   SOCIETY. 


SUPERINTENDED,    AND    WITH    DESCRIPTIONS,   &c 


By    ASA    GRAY,    M.  D., 

FISHER     PROFESSOR     OF     NATURAL     HISTORY     IN     HARVARD     UNIVERSITY,. 

CORRESPONDING    MEMBER    OF   THE    ROYAL    BAVARIAN    ACADEMY,    MEMBER 

OF   THE    IMPERIAL    ACADEMY   NATURAE  CURIOSORVM  ;    OF  THE 

BOTANICAL    SOCIETY    OF    RATISBON,    ScC,    &.C. 


VOL.    I. 

PLATES    1-100. 


BOSTON : 
JAMES    MUNROE    AND     COMPANY. 

NEW  YORK  AND  LONDON: 
J  0  H  N   WILEY. 

1848. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  184C,  by 

Asa   G  ra  v, 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


CAMBRIDGE: 
I-  T  C  A  I.  P     AND     C  O  M  P  A  N  T  , 
PRINTERS   TO  THE   DNIVERSITi' 


56:. 

G.T 

v.  I 


//  hi  u 


TO 


FRANCIS   BOOTT,   M.  D.,  Y.  L.  S., 

THIS    VOLUME    IS    INSCRIBED, 


IN    TOKEN    OF    THE 


SINCERE    REGARD    AND    ESTEEM 


"K    HIS    HUEJII, 


ASA    GRAY 


' 


E  R  R  A  T  A  . 

Page  11,  line  27,  dele  "  Hamad ry as," 

•'      "     ;i5,  afier  "  Ficaria"    add  "  Ilarnai/njas.' 
-    20,    "     14,  dele  "  (reversed)." 


P  R  K  I"'  A  c  i : . 


The  design  of  this  work  is  to  illustrate  the  Botany  of  the  United 
States  by  figures,  with  full  analyses,  of  one  or  more  species  of  each 
genus,  accompanied  by  descriptive  generic  characters  and  critical 
observations.  The  figures  in  all  cases  are  drawn  directly  from 
nature,  by  Mr.  Sprague,  and  from  the  living  plant  whenever  that  is 
practicable.  In  almost  every  instance,  the  whole  plant,  or  a  branch 
or  smaller  portion,  in  flower  and  often  also  in  fruit,  is  delineated  of 
the  natural  size  ;  and  the  microscopical  analyses,  as  numerous  as 
the  compass  of  an  octavo  page  will  allow,  are  so  chosen  as  to  display 
the  principal  floral  characters  of  the  genus,  from  the  aestivation  of 
the  flower-bud  to  the  fruit,  the  seed,  and  the  embryo.  When  need- 
ful, on  account  of  size  or  of  subgeneric  diversity,  two  plates  are  de- 
voted to  the  illustration  of  a  single  genus.  On  the  other  hand,  char- 
acters which  are  uniform  or  nearly  so  throughout  a  whole  order  are 
not  repeated  upon  every  plate. 

The  illustrations  are  not  drawn  from  various  orders  and  classes  at 
random  or  convenience  ;  but  the  natural  families  are  taken  up  in 
regular  sequence,  according  to  the  arrangement  now  most  prevalent 
among  botanists  (following  very  nearly,  though  not  implicitly,  thp 
order  adopted  in  the  Flora  of  North  America  by  Dr.  Torrey  and 
myself),  and  all  our  genera  of  each  family  are  published  together, 
in  their  proper  places  ;  thus  rendering  the  volumes  systematically 
complete,  as  they  appear.  This  plan,  which  has  never  been  carried 
out,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  any  extensive  publication  of  the  kind, 
while  it  should  increase  the  immediate  usefulness  and  value  of  the 
work,  at  the  same  time  renders  still  more  onerous  what  is  at  best  a 


6  PREFACE. 

formidable  undertaking.  The  plan  and  nature  of  this  publication 
are  obviously  such  as  to  preclude  all  expectation  of  emolument. 
It  is  our  determination,  however,  to  carry  on  the  work  to  its  com- 
pletion (in  about  ten  volumes  like  the  present),  if  the  patronage  re- 
ceived shall  warrant  the  hope  of  a  moderate  remuneration  to  the 
artist.  The  ample  and  rapidly  accumulating  materials  at  my  dis- 
posal, both  of  specimens  in  the  Herbarium,  and  of  living  North 
American  plants  in  the  Botanic  Garden  under  my  charge,  and  the 
prompt  assistance  offered  by  a  large  number  of  zealous  correspond- 
ents, while  they  afford  unusual  advantages  for  the  purpose,  render 
me  increasingly  desirous  to  turn  them  to  useful  account  by  prosecut- 
ing an  undertaking  which  may  serve  to  facilitate  the  more  thorough 
study  of  Botany  in  this  country,  and  perhaps  contribute  in  some  de- 
gree to  the  general  advancement  of  the  science. 

The  higher  character  of  the  later  as  compared  with  the  earlier 
executed  analyses,  as  well  as  the  further  improvement  which  will  be 
manifest  to  the  experienced  botanist  in  the  second  volume,  —  now  in 
an  advanced  state  of  preparation,  —  is  attributable  to  the  increasing 
botanical  knowledge  of  the  self-taught  artist  who  is  associated  with 
me  in  the  work.  And,  although  I  am  alone  responsible  for  the  text, 
I  must  in  justice  add,  that  whatever  of  original  value  these  illustra- 
tions may  be  found  to  possess  is  largely  owing  to  the  scientific  in- 
sight and  the  careful  investigations  of  Mr.  Sprague,  as  well  as  to 
his  skill  and  accuracy  in  delineation.  • 

The  plates  are  engraved  upon  stone,  in  a  style  (capable  of  further 
improvement)  well  adapted  to  this  class  of  subjects,  by*Mr.  Joseph 
Prestelc,  a  worthy  artist,  formerly  of  Munich,  but  now  and  for  sev- 
eral years  past  resident  at  Ebenczer,  near  Buffalo,  New  York. 

As  to  geographical  extent,  this  work  is  intended  to  comprise  all  the 
genera  which  have  indigenous  representatives  within  the  States  of 
the  Federal  Union  as  now  constituted.  It  therefore  includes  Texas, 
but  not  the  country  west  of  the  organized  States  of  Arkansas  and 
Missouri. 

ASA   GRAY. 

i  Iambridge,  April  20,  181s. 


SYSTEMATIC     INDEX 


Ord.  RANUNCuiiACE-E, Page    9. 

Atragene,             Page  13,  Plate  1.  Trollius,  33,  Plate  11. 

Clematis,  15,  '          2.  Isopyrum,  35,              12. 

Pulsatilla,  17,             3.  Coptis,  37,              13. 

Anemone,  19,             4.  Aquilegia,  39,             14. 

Hepatica,  21,             5.  Delphinium,  41,             15. 

Thalictrum,  23,             6.  Aeonitum,  43,             16. 

Trautvetteria,  25,             7.  Zanthorhiza,  45,              17. 

Myosurus,  27,            8.  Hydrastis,  47,             18. 

Ranunculus,  29,             9.  ActSn,  49,             19. 

Caltha,  31,           10.  Cimicifuga,  51,             20. 

Ord.  Magnoliace-E, 53. 

Illicium,  55,           21.  Magnolia,  59,      23,24. 

Schizandra,  57,           22.  Liriodendron ,  63,             25. 

Ord.  AnonacejE, 65. 

Asimina,  67,    26,  07. 

Ord.  MENISrERMACE.E 69. 

Cocculus,  71.           28.  Oalycoearpum.  75.             30. 

Menispermum,  7;!,           29. 

Ord.  Berberidacex, 77. 

Berberis,  79,           31.  Jeffersonia,  85,            34. 

Leontiee,Caulophyllum,81,  32.  Podophyllum.  87,      35,  36. 

Diphylleia,  83,           33.  Croomia.  89,             37. 

Ord.  CABOMBACE.E, 91. 

Cabomba,  93,           38.  Brasema.  95.             39. 

Ord.  Nelumbiackj;, 97. 

Nelumbium,  97,    40,41. 

Ord.  Nymph.eacex, 99. 

Nymphsea,  101,    42,43.  Nuphar.  103.              II 

Ord.  Sarraceniacej:, 105. 

Sarracenia,  107,    45,  46. 


b  SYSTEMATIC    INDEX. 

Ord.  Papaverace*, Page  109. 

Argemone,          Page  111,  Plate  47.         Sanguinaria,  115,  Plate  49. 
Stylophorum,                113,           48. 

Ord.  Fumariacej: 117. 

Dicentra,                       119,           50.         Corydalis,  123,             52. 
Adlumia,                      121,          51. 

Old.  Crucifer*, 125. 

Nasturtium,                  131,           53.         Sisymbrium,  151,             64. 

Iodanthus,                     133,           54.         Stanleya,  153,             65. 

Cardamine,                    135,           55.         Warea,  155,             66. 

Dentaria,                       137,           56.         Selenia,  157,             67. 

Leavenworthia,            139,          57.         Draba,  159,      68,  69. 

Arabis,                         141,          58.         Vesicaria,  161,            70. 

Turritis,                         143,           59.         Subularia,  163,             71. 

Streptanthus,                145,    60,  61.         Senebiera,  165,             72. 

Barbarea,                       147,           62.         Lepidium,  167,             73. 

Erysimum,                   119,          63.         Cakile,  169,            74. 

Ord.  Capparidace^:, 171. 

Cleomella,                     173,           75.         Gynandropsis,  179,             78. 

Cleome,                         175,           76.         Polanisia,  181,             79. 
Cristatella,                     177,           77. 

Ord.  Violace.e. 183. 

Viola,                           185,          80.         Ionidium,  189,            89. 
Solea,                         187,          81. 

Ord.    DROSERACE.E, 191. 

Drosera,                         193,           83.         Parnassia,  199,             86. 
Dioruea,                         195,    84,  85. 

Ord.  Cistace^, 201. 

Helianthemum,            203,          87.         Hudsonia,  207,            90. 
Lechea,                        205,    88,  89. 

Ord.  Hypericace.e, 209. 

Ascyrum,                      211,           91.         Elodea,  215,             91. 
Hypericum,                  213,    92,  93. 

Ord.   ELATINACE.E, 217. 

Elatine,  219,    95,  96. 

Ord.  Portulacacej:, 221. 

Claytonia,                     223,           97.         Portulacn.  227,             99. 

Talinum,                      225,          98.         Sesuvium,  229,           100. 


Ord.    RANUNCULACE^E. 

Herbse  vel  suflrutices  (succo  aqueo  acridi)  exstipulatae, 
plerumque  dissectifolias,  dicotyledoneas,  polypetalas  seu  mo- 
nochlamydese,  hypogynas,  polyandras ;  carpellis  discretis  (in- 
definitis  vel  paucis,  raro  solitariis) ;  seminibus  exarillatis  ; 
embryone  in  basi  albuminis  corneo-carnosi  minimo. 

Randncdlace^,  Juss.     DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  127.     Endl.  Gen.  p.  843. 


The  Crowfoot  Family  presents  so  many  gradations  and  diversities  of 
form  and  character,  that  it  cannot  readily  be  defined,  although  there  is  no 
question  as  to  its  boundaries,  nor  any  other  hypogynous  and  polyandrous 
family  with  which  any  of  the  genera  are  likely  to  be  confounded.  The  prin- 
cipal diversities  it  presents  are  brought  sufficiently  into  view  in  the  subjoined 
conspectus  of  our  genera,  arranged  under  their  proper  tribes.  It  should  be 
mentioned,  as  exceptional  to  the  ordinal  character,  that  Zanthorhiza  has  few 
and  definite  stamens,  which  is  also  the  case,  although  less  constantly,  in  sev- 
eral other  genera  :   and  in  Nigella  the  ovaries  are  more  or  less  united. 

An  acrid  principle,  which  is  mostly  dissipated  in  drying  or  by  heat,  per- 
vades the  whole  order;  so  that  the  fresh  herbage,  roots,  &c,  are  poison- 
ous.    Many  have  showy  flowers,  and  are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

While  engaged  in  preparing  the  drawings  for  these  illustrations,  during 
the  spring  and  summer  of  1846,  Mr.  Sprague  directed  my  attention  to  the 
fact,  that  in  all  our  Ranunculaceas  with  a  solitary  suspended  ovule,  the  raphe 
is  dorsal,  or  external,  that  is,  on  the  side  next  the  dorsal  suture  of  the  car- 
pel, and  not  on  the  side  of  the  ovulum  which  is  next  the  placenta,  where  it 
properly  belongs,  according  to  the  general  rule  long  since  laid  down  by  Mr. 
Brown.*  I  find  that  this  anomaly  has  been  noticed  by  Schleiden.f  and  re- 
cently by  Barneoud,  %  who,  however,  has  not  very  clearly  indicated  the  pe- 
culiarity. It  would  appear  that  it  arises  from  the  very  early  reversion  of  an 
ovule  like  that  of  Ranunculus,  developed  from  the  upper  part  of  the  ventral 
suture,  at  a  point  which  in  subsequent  growth  becomes  the  summit  of  the 
cell;  and  thus,  like  the  case  of  later  reversion  in  Euonymus,  long  since 

*  In  King's  Narrative,  App.  2.  p.  549. 
t  In  Wiegmann's  Archiv  fur  Naturgesch.  1839,  p.  285.  t.  8. 
t  In  Ann.  Sci.  Hat.  for  November,  1846  (published  only  in  the  spring  of  1847). 
2 


10  KANUNCULACE^E. 

pointed  out  by  Mr.  Brown  (and  which  may  also  be  observed  in  several 
other  instances),  serves  to  confirm  the  general  rule.  The  analogous 
eversion  of  the  raphe,  in  many  Rhamneae,  is  shown  by  Mr.  Bennett  to  arise 
from  the  lateral  torsion  of  the  funiculus  :  but  "  the  object  of  this  displace- 
ment," lie  concludes,  "  it  is  difficult  to  conjecture."'  *  Perhaps  some  light 
may  be  thrown  upon  it  by  the  present  eases,  in  which  the  design  of  this 
arrangement  may,  I  think,  be  distinctly  perceived  ;  namely,  to  facilitate  the 
fertilization  of  the  ovule,  by  placing  its  foramen  in  juxtaposition  with  the 
placenta,  or  that  portion  of  the  carpel  (the  confluent  edges  of  the  infolded 
metamorphosed  leaf)  which  is  in  the  ovary  a  direct  continuation  of  the  stig- 
matic  surface  or  lines  of  the  style, f  and  through  which  impregnation  is  ef- 
fected. A  glance  at  the  analyses  on  Plates  2  to  5,  especially  those  of  He- 
patica  (Plate  5,  fig.  4)  and  Myosurus  (Plate  8,  fig.  6,  &c.),  will  render  this 
evident,  and  show  that,  if  the  ovule  were  brought  into  the  normal  position, 
its  orifice  would  be  thrown  to  the  side  of  the  cell  farthest  from  that  through 
which  the  fecundating  influence  is  communicated. 

In  the  case  of  Rhamnus,  where  a  solitary  anatropous  ovule  arises  from 
the  very  base  of  each  cell,  a  broad  ventral  funiculus,  interposed  between  the 
foramen  and  the  placental  surface,  may  readily  be  conceived  to  offer  an  ob- 
struction to  fertilization,  while  the  subsequent  lateral  torsion  of  this  funicu- 
lus would  bring  these  parts  into  the  most  favorable  position.  Where  there 
is  a  pair  of  ovules,  as  in  Celastrus,  no  displacement  is  needful  for  the  attain- 
ment of  this  end  ;  since  the  raphe  is  originally  lateral  in  such  cases,  that 
is,  the  two  raphes  are  applied  face  to  face,  or  very  nearly.  This  equally 
occurs  in  horizontal  collateral  ovules,  as  in  Magnolia,  Plate  22,  and  no  less 
so  where  they  consist  of  many  pairs,  as  in  Helleborineae  generally,  or  even 
where  the  numerous  ovules  are  not  collateral.  Indeed,  this  may  be  assum- 
ed as  the  typical  condition  ;  the  ovules,  which  are  a  growth  from  the  pla- 
cental margins  of  the  infolded  leaf,  being  themselves  likewise  folded  inwards, 
thus  bringing  their  raphes  next  the  suture. 

In  no  instance  do  we  find  the  pericarp  of  the  monospermous  species  co- 
herent with  the  integument  of  the  seed,  as  described  by  De  Candolle  and  by 
Endlicher. 


Conspectus  of  the  Tribes  and  Genera. 

Tribe  I.     CLEMATIDEiE. —  Sepals  valvate-induplicate  in  iestivation, 
colored,  deciduous.     Petals  none  or  stamen-like.     Ovaries  numerous,  form- 
ing a  head  of  achenia  in  fruit.    Ovule  solitary,  suspended  ;  the  raphe  dorsal. 
—  Chiefly  frutescent  vines,  climbing  by  their  petioles.     Leaves  opposite. 
Atragene.     (Plate  1.)     Petals,  or  staminodia,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Achenia  caudate  with  the  plumose-hairy  persistent  style. 
Clematis.    (Plate  2.)     Petals  none.     Persistent  style  plumose  or  naked. 

"   In  Horsefield's  Plonta  Jaron.  Rar.  p.  131. 
t   Brown,  in  PI.  Juran.  Rar.  pp.  108-  110,  note. 


RANUNCULACE.E.  11 

Tribe  II.  ANEMONEiE. — Sepals  imbricated  in  aestivation,  colored, 
deciduous.  Petals  none,  or  rarely  some  small  and  flat  staminodia.  Ovaries 
several  or  numerous,  forming-  achenia  in  fruit.  Ovule  solitary,  suspended  ; 
the  raphe  dorsal  (except  in  Trautvetteria).  —  Erect  perennial  herbs.  Floral 
leaves  often  opposite  or  whorled,  forming  an  involucre. 

Pulsatilla.     (Plate  3.)     Petals  small  and  glandular,  like  transformed 
stamens.     Achenia  caudate  with  long  plumose-hairy  styles.     Other- 
wise as  in  Anemone. 
Anemone.     (Plate  -1.)     Petals  none.     Achenia  beaked  with  the  naked  or 
hairy  style.     Cauline  leaves  forming  an  (usually  compound  or  dis- 
sected) involucre,  and  sometimes  involucels,  remote  from  the  flower. 
Hepatica.     (Plate  5.)    Petals  none.    Achenia  pointed  with  a  short  naked 
style.     Involucre  of  3  sepaloid  leaves  placed  close  under  the  flower, 
at  the  summit  of  the  otherwise  naked  and  simple  scape,  imitating  a 
calyx.     Otherwise  as  in  Anemone. 
Thalictrum.    (Plate  6.)     Petals  none.     Achenia  ribbed,  3-winged,  or 
inflated,  tipped  with  a  sessile  stigma  or  short  naked  style.    Involucre 
none,  or  like  the  other  leaves.     (Ovule  and  seed  suspended.) 
Trautvetteria.     (Plate   7.)      Petals    none.      Sepals   very    caducous. 
Achenia  inflated,  4-angled,  tipped  with  a  recurved-uncinate  stigma. 
Involucre  none.     Ovule  and  seed  erect  ;  the  raphe  ventral. 

Tribe  III.  RANUNCULEjE. — Sepals  imbricated  in  aestivation,  often 
herbaceous,  deciduous.  Petals  conspicuous,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Ova- 
ries numerous,  forming  achenia  in  fruit.  Ovule  solitary.  —  Herbs.  Cauline 
leaves  alternate. 

Subtribe  I.  Adonide.e. — Ovule  and  seed  suspended  ;  the  raphe  dorsal. 
—  §  1.  Petals  inappendiculate.  Adonis,  Hamailryas,  Knowltonia?  §2.  Pe- 
tals with  a  tubular  or  glandular  base  or  claw.  Aphanostimma,  Calliantke- 
mum,  Cyrtorhyncha,  and 

Myosurus.  (Plate  8.)  Sepals  spurred  at  the  base.  Petals  linear-spatu- 
late.  Achenia  spiked  on  a  long  receptacle.  —  Minute  annuals. 
Leaves  all  radical,  linear. 

Subtribe  U.  Ficariex.  —  Ovule  and  seed  ascending  or  erect ;  the 
raphe  ventral.  Petals  squamiferous  or  foveolate  at  the  base.  —  Ceratocepha- 
lus,  Ficaria,  and 

Ranunculus.  (Plate  9.)  Sepals  5,  deciduous.  Achenia  compressed, 
pointed,  in  a  globular  or  cylindrical  head. 

Tribe  IV.     HELLEBORLNE^E.  —  Sepals   imbricated  in  aestivation, 

petaloid,  mostly  deciduous.  Petals  tubular,  bilabiate,  spurred,  stamen-like, 
or  none.  Ovaries  few  or  several,  follicular  in  fruit.  Ovules  few  or  many  ; 
the  raphes  collateral. — Leaves  all  alternate. 

*  Flower  regular.     Follicles  several-seeded.     Herbs. 
Caltha.     (Plate  10.)     Petals  none.     Follicles  several,  compressed,  ses- 
sile, many-seeded.  —  Leaves  undivided. 
2* 


12  RANUNCULACE^E. 

Tkollius.  (Plate  11.)  Petals  indefinite,  small  and  stamen-like,  hollow- 
ed near  the  base.  Follicles  numerous,  cylindraceous,  pointed  with 
the  subulate  style,  sessile,  many-seeded.     Leaves  palmately-parted. 

Isopyrum.  (Plate  12.)  Petals  5,  minute  and  tubular,  or,  in  subgen. 
Enemion,  none.  Follicles  2-20,  sessile,  few  -  several-seeded. — 
Leaves  2 -  3-ternately  divided. 

Coptis.  (Plate  13.)  Petals  5  or  6,  small,  unguioulate,  hollowed  at  the 
apex  or  hooded  in  the  middle.  Follicles  3  -  10,  conspicuously  stipi- 
tate,  several-seeded.  —  Leaves  1  -  3-ternately  divided,  all  radical. 

Aquilegia.  (Plate  14.)  Petals  5,  larger  than  the  sepals,  produced  be- 
low into  a  large  hollow  spur.  Follicles  5,  sessile,  crowned  with  fili- 
form styles,  many-seeded.  —  Leaves  2  -  3-ternately  divided. 

#  #  Flower  irregular  and  unsymmetrical.    Follicles  several-seeded.    Herbs. 
Delphinium.     (Plate  15.)     Sepals  5  ;    the  outer  one  larger  and  spurred. 

Petals  small,  of  two  kinds  ;  two  of  them  produced  into  a  spur  which 
is  received  into  the  spur  of  the  calyx  ;   the  two  others  unguiculate. 
Aconitum.    (Plate  16.)     Sepals  5  ;  the  outer  and  larger  one  galeate,  in- 
closing two  small  incurved-saccate  petals  raised  on  long  claws :  the 
other  petals  minute  and  stamen-like,  or  none. 

*  *  *  Flower  regular  and  symmetrical.     Follicles  several,  by  abortion  1- 

seeded.     Shrubby. 
Zanthorhiza.     (Plate  17.)     Sepals  5,  spreading.     Petals  5,  short,  un- 
guiculate, 2-lobed,  hollowed  at  the  apex.     Stamens  5  or  10.     Style 
becoming  lateral  in  fruit.     Seed  pendulous. —  Suffruticose  ;   the  pin- 
natelv-divided  leaves  and  racemes  from  scaly  buds. 

Tribe  V.     CIMICIFUGEiE.  —  Sepals  imbricated  in  aestivation,  peta- 
loid,  caducous.     Petals  small  and  plane,  or  none.     Ovaries  1  -  15,  baccate 
or  follicular  in  fruit.     Ovules  2  -  many  ;    the  raphes  collateral.  —  Herbs. 
Leaves  all  alternate. 
Hydrastis.    (Plate  18.)     Sepals  3,  very  caducous.     Petals  none.    Ova- 
ries numerous,  imbricated  in  a  head,   2-ovuled,   baccate   in   fruit. 
Seeds  1  or  2,  ascending. — Flower  solitary.    Leaves  palmately  lobed. 
Act^a.    (Plate  19.)     Sepals  3-5.     Petals,  or  staminodia,  4- 8,  oblong 
or  ovate,  entire.     Ovary  solitary.     Berry  many-seeded.     Seeds  flat, 
horizontal.  —  Raceme  short.     Leaves  2  -  3-ternately  compound. 
Cimicifuga.     (Plate  20.)     Sepals  4-5.     Petals,  or  staminodia,  3-5, 
mostly  2-cleft  or  forked  at  the  apex.     Ovaries  1-8.     Follicles  sev- 
eral -  many-seeded.  —  Raceme  virgate. 

Tribe  VI.  PiEONIEiE,  with  a  coriaceo-foliaceous  and  persistent  im- 
bricated calyx,  ample  plane  petals,  and  a  fleshy  hypogynous  disk  around  the 
base  of  the  few  ovaries,  which  form  leathery  follicles  in  fruit,  comprises 
the  genus  Paeonia  alone ;  of  which  there  are  no  species  indigenous  within 
the  limits  of  the  United  States. 


ranunculace.e.  13 

Plate  1. 
ATRAGENE,  L. 

Petala  (seu  staminodia)  plurima,  angusta,  calyce  4-sepalo 

breviora.     Styli  persistentes  barbati.     Gemmae  squamosa?.  — 

Castera  omnia  Clematidis. 

Atragene,  Linn.  Gen.  695.     Juss.  Gen.  p.  232.     Endl.  Gen.  47G9. 
Clematis,  Sect.  Atragene,  DC. 


Calyx  of  4  petaloid  membranaceous  sepals,  spreading, 
valvate  with  the  edges  more  or  less  induplicate  in  aestiva- 
tion, deciduous.  Petals,  or  rather  sterile  stamens,  numer- 
ous, hypogynous,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx,  spatulate  or 
unguiculate,  mostly  bearing  traces  of  an  anther,  passing  by 
gradual  transition  into  the  proper  stamens.  Stamens  indefi- 
nite, hypogynous,  in  several  series :  filaments  flattened  :  an- 
thers fixed  by  the  base,  innate,  or  nearly  so,  two-celled, 
opening  longitudinally.  Pistils  numerous  (about  20),  capi- 
tate-imbricated on  the  globular  receptacle,  distinct :  ovary 
one-celled,  one-ovuled,  prolonged  into  a  large  style,  which 
is  densely  hairy  below  :  stigma  unilateral,  occupying  the 
inner  (ventral)  side  of  the  naked  summit  of  the  style. 
Ovule  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous, 
with  the  raphe  dorsal ! 

Fruit  a  head  of  sessile  achenia,  bearing  the  persistent 
and  elongated  plumose-bearded  styles  :  receptacle  scro- 
biculate.  Seed  suspended,  conformed  to  the  cell.  Albu- 
men between  corneous  and  fleshy.  Embryo  minute,  next 
the  hilum,  oblong :  radicle  thick,  superior ;  the  cotyledons 
about  their  length,  approximate. 

Suffruticose  plants,  climbing  by  their  leaf-stalks  ;  with 
opposite  trifoliolate  or  biternately  compound  leaves,  develop- 
ed from  scaly  buds.  Leaflets  toothed  or  entire.  Flowers 
large   (blue-purple    or   yellowish-white),   solitary  on   single 


14  RANUNCULACE.E. 

naked  peduncles,  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  spring  from 
the  same  axillary  hud,  terminating  the  abbreviated  branch, 
the  crowded  leaves  of  which  often  appear,  at  first  sight,  as 
if  verticillate  around  the  stem  of  the  preceding  year  (whence 
the  improper  name  of  Clematis  verticillaris,  DC).  Invo- 
lucre none. 


Etymolocy.  Adpayew],  a  name  of  Theophrastus,  probably  for  Clematis 
Vitalba,  L.     (DC.) 

Properties.  The  watery  juice  is  acrid,  as  in  most  of  the  family  ;  the 
acridity  dissipated  in  drying. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Natives  of  the  northern  and  cold  or  moun- 
tainous regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  in  North  America  extending 
southward  to  lat.  36°,  both  along  the  Alleghany  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


PLATE    1.     Atragene  Americana,  Sims  :  —  a  flowering  branch,  of  the 
natural  size. 

1.  Sepal  detached. 

2.  A  petal  somewhat  enlarged,  seen  from  within. 

3.  Another  petal,  seen  from  without. 

4.  5,  6.  Stamens  somewhat  magnified;  fig.  5,  inside  view. 

7.  Pistils  ;  the  rest  of  the  flower  removed  from  the  receptacle. 

8.  Separate  pistil,  enlarged. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  an  ovary,  more  magnified,  show-ing  the  suspended 

ovule  with  its  raphe  on  the  dorsal  side. 
10.  Pistil  in  fruit,  enlarged  to  four  times  the  natural  size  ;  the  achenium 
divided  to  display  the  seed. 


RAM'NCl  I.ACE.E.  15 

Plate  2. 
CLEMATIS,  L. 

Petala  nulla.  Sepala  4,  petaloidea,  sestivatione  valvata, 
marginibus  saepe  induplicatis.  Achenia  stylo  persistente  mi- 
do  seu  barbato  caudata.  —  Herbae  vel  suffrutices  oppositifo- 
lias,  saepius  petiolis  petiolulisve  scandentes. 

Clematis,  Linn.     Juss.  Gen.  p.  232.     Endl.  Gen.  4763.     Giertn.  Fr.  t.  74. 
Virgin's  Bower. 


Calyx  of  4  (or  rarely  6  to  8)  petaloid  sepals,  valvate,  and 
usually  with  the  margins  induplicate  in  aestivation,  decidu- 
ous. Petals  none.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous  :  fil- 
aments filiform :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  fixed  by  their 
base,  innate  or  slightly  extrorse,  the  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally by  a  lateral  line.  Pistils  indefinite  (15  to  30  or  more), 
crowded  on  the  globular  or  flattish  receptacle :  ovary  one- 
celled  and  one-ovuled,  tapering  into  a  hairy  or  nearly  naked 
style  ;  the  stigma  unilateral  (on  the  inner  side)  at  its  apex. 
Ovule  suspended  from  the  summit  of  the  cell,  anatropous  ; 
the  raphe  dorsal. 

Fruit  a  head  of  sessile  achenia,  which  are  coriaceous, 
compressed  ;  the  persistent  style  naked,  pubescent,  or  more 
commonly  forming  a  plumose-hairy  tail.  Seed  conformed 
to  the  cell,  usually  compressed  :  testa  coriaceous,  thickish  ; 
the  inner  integument  membranaceous.  Albumen  corneous- 
fleshy.  Embryo  minute,  next  the  hilum  :  cotyledons  short : 
radicle  thick,  superior  (pointing  to  the  base  of  the  style). 

Suffruticose  plants,  climbing  by  the  twisting  of  their 
leaf-stalks,  or  upright  herbs,  with  fibrous  perennial  roots ; 
the  opposite  leaves  either  trifoliolate,  pinnate,  or  sometimes 
simple.  Buds  not  scaly.  Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  pan- 
icled-cymose  or  solitary  (blue,  purple,  white,  or  cream-color), 
perfect,  or  sometimes  polygamo-dicecious;  the  peduncles  na- 


16  RANUNCULACE.E. 

ked,  or  rarely  (in  the  foreign  section  Cheiropsis)  with  two 
bractlets,  forming  an  involucre  under  the  flower. 


Etymology.  KXq/wirir,  a  little  Vine-branch  or  twig,  applied  by  Dios- 
corides  to  a  plant  of  this,  or  some  other  genus,  with  long-  and  lithe  stems. 

Properties.  Acrid,  and  even  blistering  when  applied  in  a  fresh  state  to 
the  skin.     Some  species  are  used  as  rubefacients  or  vesicants. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Widely  diffused  over  the  world  ;  princi- 
pally in  the  wanner  temperate  zone  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Division.  The  native  species  of  the  United  States  are  conveniently  divid- 
ed into  two  sections  :  the  first  comprising  those  which,  like  our  Common 
Virgin's  Bower  (C.  Yirginiana,  L.),  bear  rather  small,  white  or  cream-col- 
ored, polygamo-dicecious  flowers,  in  clusters  or  panicled  cymes  :  the  second 
including  those  with  larger  and  solitary  flowers,  and  more  or  less  thick  and 
leathery  sepals  ;  —  of  which  our  plate,  drawn  from  a  plant  cultivated  in  the 
Botanic  Garden  at  Cambridge,  affords  a  good  illustration. 


PLATE  2.     Clematis  crispa,  Linn. ;  *  —  summit  of  a  branch  in  flower 
and  fruit,  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  Transverse  section  of  the  sepals,  to  show  their  aestivation  and  thickness. 

2.  Vertical  section  of  a  flower. 

3.  4.  Stamens  magnified,  front  and  back  view. 

5.  A  pistil,  magnified.      (It  should  have  been  more  hairy.) 

G.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary,  more  magnified,  with  the  ovule  in  place. 

7.  Ovule  detached,  and  more  highly  magnified. 

8.  A  ripe  achenium,  vertically  divided,  and  displaying  the  seed  in  place  ; 

with  the  persistent  caudate  style  :  enlarged. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  a  seed,  magnified,  showing  the  two  integuments, 

the  albumen,  and  the  embryo. 
10.  Embryo  detached,  and  highly  magnified  (turned,  as  in  all  the  ensuing 
cases  of  the  kind,  so  as  to  bring  the  radicle  downwards). 

*  The  C.  crispa  of  De  Candolle,  Syst.  1.  p.  162  (spec.  hort.  Audib.),  is  a  form, 
or  near  ally,  of  C.  Viticella  or  C.  campaniflora,  and  undoubtedly  not  an  Ameri- 
can plant.  This  accounts  for  his  placing  the  species  in  the  section  Viticella,  and 
for  liis  remark  under  C.  campaniflora.  The  fruit,  in  the  rude  figure  of  Dilleni- 
us,  upon  which  Linnteus  founded  the  species,  is  delineated  as  if  the  persistent 
styles  were  perfectly  naked  and  glabrous,  while  the  description  merely  states 
that  they  are  not  plumose.  They  are  usually  about  as  hairy  as  here  represent- 
ed.—  Dr.  Lindley  (in  Bot.  Reg.  for  1846,^01.  32.  t.  60)  has  lately  attempted 
to  elucidate  this  species  and  its  allies,  but  not,  in  all  respects,  with  the  best  suc- 
cess. There  is  here  merely  room  to  state  that  C.  cylindrica,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1160. 
is  surely  the  same  as  the  C  Viorna,  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  (which  Lindley  says  is  C 
Hendersonii)  ;  and  that  the  C.  crispa,  Bot.  Mug.  t.  1892,  is  not  C.  reticulata,  but 
clearly  the  same  as  his  own  C.  crispa  (which  will  be  found  not  to  have  a  "short- 
tailed  mucronate  fruit")  and  the  one  here  figured;  of  which  the  C.  cordata 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  1816,  is  merely  a  variety. 


RANUNCULACE.E.  17 


Plate  3. 


PULSATILLA,    Tourn. 

Achenia  stylis  elongatis  barbato-plumosis  caudata.  Pela- 
la,  seu  staminodia  glandulasformia,  staminibus  breviora,  sa> 
pius  plurima.     Sepala  6.     Castera  ut  Anemones. 

Pulsatilla    (Bauhin),  Tourn.   Inst.   t.   148.      Willd.    Enum.   p.    580. 

Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  2.  p.  367. 
Anemones  Sp.  Linn.     Lam.  111.  t.  496.     Greitn.  Fr.  t.  74.      Sclikuhr, 

Handb.  t.  50.     DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  189.     Endl.  Gen.  4773.     Pritzel 

in  Linncea,  15.  p.  565. 

Pasque-Flower. 


Calyx  of  6  petaloid  membranaceous  sepals,  imbricated  in 
aestivation  in  two  series,  silky-bairy  externally,  at  length 
deciduous.  Petals,  or  rather  sterile  stamens,  gland-like, 
sessile  or  unguiculate,  very  small,  shorter  than  the  fertile 
stamens,  or  none.  Stamens  indefinite,  in  several  series, 
hypogynous :  filaments  filiform,  glabrous:  anthers  short, 
fixed  by  the  base,  neither  extrorse  nor  introrse ;  the  cells 
opening  lengthwise  laterally.  Pistils  numerous,  capitate 
on  the  globular  or  hemispherical  receptacle  :  ovary  one- 
celled,  one-ovuled,  prolonged  from  the  apex  into  a  hairy 
style  many  times  exceeding  the  ovary  ;  the  stigma  unilat- 
eral at  its  naked  summit.  Ovule  suspended,  anatropous  ; 
the  raphe  dorsal. 

Fruit  a  head  of  many  sessile  achenia,  which  are  caudate 
Avith  the  elongated  and  persistent  plumose-bearded  styles  : 
receptacle  (gynophore)  hemispherical.  Seed  suspended 
from  the  summit  of  the  cell,  oblong.  Albumen  between 
corneous  and  fleshy.  Embryo  minute,  next  the  hilum,  cor- 
date, the  short  cotyledons  spreading  :  radicle  superior. 

Herbs,  with  fusiform  or  thickened  and  ligneous  perennial 
roots  bearing  abbreviated  caudexes  at  their  summit ;  whence 
is  emitted,  from  a  kind  of  scaly  bud,  a  vernal,  simple,  one- 
flowered,  involucrate  scape,  and  soon  afterwards,  or  at  the 


18  RANUNCULACEiE. 

same  time,  a  tuft  of  radical  ternately-dissected  leaves.  Peti- 
oles dilated  at  the  base  ;  their  withered  remains  persistent. 
Involucre  distant  from  the  flower,  soon  remote,  from  the 
elongation  of  the  fructiferous  peduncle  ;  in  Eupulsatilla 
simply  multifid  from  the  confluence  of  its  three  verticillate 
leaves  into  a  cup  or  ring  at  the  base,  the  linear  segments 
uniform  ;  or,  in  Pkeonanthus  (P.  alpina)  of  three  distinct, 
short-petioled  leaves,  resembling  the  radical  ones.  Flowers 
large  (2  to  3  inches  broad) :  sepals  purplish,  violet,  white  or 
rarely  sulphur-color.     Stems  and  young  leaves,  &c,  villous. 


Etymology  obscure.  The  popular  name  of  Pasque-flower  was  given 
in  Europe,  because  the  blossom  appears  at  Easter. 

Properties.  Acrid  and  poisonous,  at  least  when  fresh.  Some  species 
have  been  esteemed  in  obstinate  cutaneous  diseases,  chronic  ophthalmia,  &c. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Northern  and  colder  regions  of  the  Old 
World,  especially  on  mountains  or  elevated  plains  ;  two  species  (one  of  each 
subgenus)  extending  into  North  America,  of  which  one  reaches  the  western 
part  of  the  United  States  proper.  —  Pritzel,  misled  by  the  name  which  Nut- 
tall  gave  to  our  species  (Anemone  Ludoviciana),  and  not  aware  that  the 
whole,  country  which  borders  on  the  Missouri  River  was  formerly  called  Up- 
per Louisiana,  has  wrongly  extended  the  geographical  range  down  to  the 
present  limits  of  Louisiana  (lat.  33° -29°).  Along  the  Rooky  Mountains, 
however,  this  plant  does  extend  as  far  southward  as  lat.  30°  ;  Mr.  Fendler 
having  gathered  fine  specimens  at  Santa  Fe. 


PLATE  3.  Pulsatilla  patens,  Mill.  ;  —  from  Wisconsin  specimens 
furnished  by  Mr.  Lapham,  of  the  natural  size  at  the  time  the 
flower  opens :  the  leaves  as  yet  scarcely  appearing. 

1 .  Diagram  of  the  sestivation  of  the  calyx. 

2,  3.  Petals,  so  called,  magnified  to  the  same  degree  as 

4.  A  stamen. 

5.  A  pistil,  magnified. 

fi.  Another  pistil,  with  the  ovary  divided,  showing  the  ovule. 

7.  Ovule  detached,  more  highly  magnified. 

8.  Receptacle  in  fruit,  with  three  of  the  caudate  achenia  still  attached. 

9.  An  achenium,  with  its  persistent  style,  thrice  the  natural  size. 

10.  Same  divided,  showing  the  seed  in  place. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  seed  magnified,  showing  the  embryo,  in  place 

12.  Embryo  detached,  highly  magnified. 


RANUNCULACE.E.  19 


Plate  4. 
ANEMONE,    Tourn. 

Calyx  4  -  20-sepalus,  asstivatione  imbricatus.  Petala  seu 
stamina  sterilia  nulla.  Achenia  stylis  brevibus  (nudis  lana- 
tisve)  parum  mutatis  coronata.  Involucrum  a  flore  remotum, 
foliis  radicalibus  conforme. 

Anemone,  Tourn.  Inst.  t.  147.     Willd.  Enum.  |>.  581.     Ledeb.  I.  c. 
Wind-Flower. 


Calyx  of  5  to  20,  rarely  4,  petaloid  sepals,  imbricated  in 
aestivation,  spreading,  deciduous.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
indefinite,  hypogynous  :  filaments  filiform,  glabrous  :  an- 
thers fixed  by  the  base,  rasher  extrorse,  or  innate,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally.  Pistils  numerous  (rarely  15  to  20), 
capitate-imbricated  on  the  globular,  conical-oblong,  or  cylin- 
drical receptacle  (gynophore) :  ovary  one-celled,  one-ovuled  : 
style  short,  stigmatose  from  the  apex  downward  along  the 
inner  side.     Ovule  suspended,  anatropous ;   the  raphe  dorsal. 

Fruit  a  head  of  sessile  compressed  achenia,  tipped  with 
the  straight  or  uncinate,  short  and  unchanged  or  scarcely 
elongated,  naked  or  woolly  styles.  Receptacle  naked  or 
hairy.  Seed  suspended  from  the  summit  of  the  cell. 
Albumen  between  corneous  and  fleshy.  Embryo  minute, 
next  the  hilum,  cordate  :  radicle  superior. 

Herbs,  with  perennial  roots  or  rootstocks,  upright  stems, 
which  are  simple  and  naked,  except  the  3-leaved  invo- 
lucre, and  one-flowered,  or  umbellately  several-flowered,  or 
sometimes  producing  lateral  involucellate  peduncles  from 
the  axils  of  the  involucral  leaves,  which  may  again  fork  or 
branch  at  the  two-leaved  involucel.  Involucral  leaves  usually 
palmately  lobed,  or  tri  -  quinately  compound,  remote  from  the 
flower  (at  the  base  of  the  peduncles),  resembling  the  proper 
or  radical   leaves.     Petioles  dilated  at   the  base.      Flowers 


20  RANUNCULACE^E. 

(sepals)  commonly  showy  and  white,  or  tinged  with  blue  or 
purple,  sometimes  red. 


Etymology.  'Ave/iavrj,  the  ancient  name ;  from  Svefws,  the  wind,  be- 
cause the  blossom  was  thought  to  open  only  when  the  wind  blows. 

Properties.     The  juice  is  an  acrid  poison,  as  in  the  foregoing  genera. 

Geographical"  Distribution.  Extratropical  in  both  hemispheres,  prin- 
cipally in  the  northern  ;  and  more  than  half  the  73  known  species  are  in- 
digenous between  the  parallels  of  40°  and  50°,  north  latitude. 


PLATE  4.     Anemone  Pennsylvanica,  Linn., — of  natural  size  early  in 
the  season ;  without  the  base  of  the  stem  or  the  radical  leaves. 

1.  A  stamen,  enlarged. 

2.  A  pistil,  enlarged. 

3.  The  same,  with  the  ovary  divided,  displaying  the  ovule. 

4.  Ovule  detached  (reversed),  and  more  magnified. 

5.  Head  of  carpels  in  fruit,  of  the  natural  size. 

6.  Separate  achenium,  enlarged. 

7.  Enlarged  achenium  divided,  so  as  to  show  the  cell  and  the  seed. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  a  more  magnified  seed,  showing  the  minute  embryo 

in  place. 


RANUNCULACE.E.  21 


Plate  5. 
HEPATICA,  Dill. 

Involucrum  triphyllum,  integrifolium,  flori  proximum,  eo- 
dem  minora,  calycem  referentia.  Castera  ut  Anemones.  — 
Gemmae  radicales  squamosa?,  primo  vere  scapos  unifloros, 
tandem  folia  simplicia  tri-  (rarius  5  —  7-)  loba,  promentes. 

Hepatica,  Dillen.  Nov.  Gen.  108.     Linn.  Hort.  Cliff,  p.  223.     Haller, 

Helv.  1156.     DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  215.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  1.  p.  14. 
Anemone  Hepatica,  Linn.  Sp.        Sect.  Hepatica,  Kocb,  Pritzel,  1.  c. 

L.iver-L.eaf. 


Calyx  of  6  to  9,  rarely  12,  oblong  petaloid  sepals,  imbri- 
cated in  aestivation  in  two  or  three  rows,  spreading,  early 
deciduous.  Petals  none.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogy- 
nous  :  filaments  filiform,  glabrous  :  anthers  oval,  slightly 
extrorse,  the  cells  opening  lengthwise  at  or  near  the  mar- 
gins. Pistils  12  to  20,  crowded  on  the  convex  summit  of 
the  receptacle  (gynophore)  :  ovary  one-celled,  one-ovuled, 
apiculate  with  a  very  short  style,  which  is  stigmatose 
down  the  inner  side.  Ovule  suspended  from  the  summit 
of  the  cell,  anatropous  ;   the  raphe  dorsal. 

Achenia  in  a  small  loose  head,  at  length  short-stipitate 
(in  H.  acutiloba),  ovate-oblong,  compressed,  not  margined, 
hairy,  pointed  with  the  short  naked  style.  Receptacle 
of  the  fruit  nearly  hemispherical,  pilose-alveolate.  Seed 
suspended,  conformed  to  the  cell,  which  it  fills.  Albumen, 
Embryo,  &c,  as  in  Anemone. 

Acaulescent  dwarf  herbs,  with  fibrous  perennial  roofs, 
producing  from  radical  scaly  buds,  in  earliest  spring,  simple 
one-flowered  scapes,  and  soon  after  several  3  -  5-lobed  heart- 
shaped  leaves,  which  become  thick  or  coriaceous  in  the 
course  of  the  summer,  and  last  through  the  winter,  until 
their  successors  begin  to  unfold.     Vernation  involute-plicate. 


22  RANUNCULACE/E. 

Involucre  close  to  the  flower,  and  imitating  a  calyx,  formed 
of  three  ovate  and  entire  sepaloid  leaves,  rather  shorter  than 
the  sepals,  longer  than  the  head  of  fruit  with  its  short  stalk 
(the  pedicel),  persistent.  Sepals  blue,  violet,  purple,  often 
pale  or  nearly  white,  handsome. 


Etymology  and  Properties.  From  tiwotikos,  affecting  or  belonging  to 
the  liver,  on  account  of  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves ; 
whence,  according  to  the  old  "  doctrine  of  signatures,"  it  was  inferred  to 
be  a  potent  remedy  for  affections  of  the  liver.  It  is  still  a  celebrated  popular 
remedy  for  various  diseases  ;  but  it  is  endowed  with  no  active  properties 
beyond  the  slight  acridity  of  the  recent  plant,  and  a  mild  astringency  with  a 
little  mucilage. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Natives  of  the  colder  temperate  zone  of 
the  northern  hemisphere,  extending  northward  to  the  limit  of  trees.  Grow- 
ing in  rich  woods,  covered  in  winter  by  the  fallen  leaves,  above  which  the 
handsome  flowers  rise  and  unfold  almost  as  soon  as  the  snow  leaves  the 
ground. 


PLATE  5.     Hepatica  acutiloea,  DC, — of  the  natural  size  :  the  right- 
hand  scape  in  young  fruit. 

1.  Stamen  magnified,  seen  from  without. 

2.  Inside  view  of  the  same. 

3.  A  pistil,  magnified. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistil,  magnified,  showing  the  ovule. 

5.  Ovule  detached,  equally  magnified. 

6.  Vertical  section  through  an  achenium  and  the  included  seed,  magni- 

*     fied,  bringing  to  view  the  minute  embryo  next  the  hilum. 


RANUNCULACE/E.  23 


Plate  6. 
THALICTRUM,    Tourn. 

Calyx  4  —  7-sepalus,  a^stivatione  imbricatus.  Petala  nulla. 
Achenia  3  — 15,  ecaudata,  plurisulcata  seu  vesiculoso-inflata  : 
stigma  pleriuntme  sessili.  (Semen  suspensum.)  —  Flores 
ssepe  polygamo-dioici.  Involucrum  nullum,  aut  (in  T.  ane- 
monoide  solum)  foliiforme,  a  floribus  remotum. 

Thalictrdm,  Linn.  Gen.  697.      DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  168.     Endl.  Gen.  4772. 
Ruc-Ancnioue.     Mcadow-Ruc. 


Calyx  of  4  or  5,  rarely  (in  T.  anemonoides)  7  to  10,  peta- 
loid  sepals,  imbricated  in  a?stivation,  spreading  or  reflexed, 
caducous  or  deciduous.  Petals  none.  Stamens  indefi- 
nite, hypogynous  :  filaments  capillary,  filiform,  clavate,  or 
petaloid-dilated  :  anthers  fixed  by  the  base,  strictly  innate, 
various  in  form  ;  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Pistils 
3  to  15,  crowded  on  the  small  receptacle  :  ovary  one-celled, 
one-ovuled  :  stigma  usually  sessile.  Ovule  suspended,  ana- 
tropous  ;  the  raphe  dorsal. 

Achenia  sessile  or  stipitate,  longitudinally  sulcate  or 
many-angled,  or  inflated  (in  §  Tripterium  alate-triquetrous), 
pointed  by  the  persistent  stigma  or  its  base.  Albumen  be- 
tween fleshy  and  corneous.  Embryo  minute,  next  the 
hilum  :   radicle  superior. 

Herbs,  with  perennial,  usually  fibrose  roots,  erect  stems, 
and  ternately-compound  or  supradecompound  leaves ;  the 
petioles  and  their  branches  often  auriculate-dilated  at  the 
base :  leaflets  falling  away  separately  by  an  articulation. 
Involucre  none  (the  cauline  leaves  alternate),  except  in  T. 
anemonoides.  Flowers  usually  small,  in  compound  pani- 
cles or  corymbs,  rarely  racemose  or  umbellate,  greenish,  yel- 
lowish, or  white,  seldom  purplish,  often  dicecio-polygamous. 


24  RANUNCULACE.«. 

Etymology.     BaKucrpov,  an  ancient  name,  of  obscure  derivation. 

Properties.  The  roots  are  scarcely  acrid,  and  often  yield  a  bitter  and 
yellow  coloring  matter. 

Geographical  Distribution.  This  genus,  of  about  50  known  species, 
is  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  temperate  zone ;  a  few  are  also 
found,  in  a  corresponding  climate,  on  the  Himalaya  Mountains  and  the  equa- 
torial Andes. 

Division.  The  genus  comprises  a  variety  of  forms,  and  greatly  needs 
revision.     The  North  American  species  belong  to  three  groups,  viz.  :  — 

§  1.  Thalictrum  proper. — Achenia  sulcate-angled,  ovoid  or  oblong, 
chiefly  sessile,  the  seed  conformed  to  the  cell.  Stigma  elongated.  Se- 
pals caducous,  shorter  than  the  stamens.  — Roots  fibrose.  Stems  most- 
ly branching  and  fistulous,  alternate-leaved.  Involucre  none.  Flowers 
small,  mostly  panicled,  often  dicecio-polygamous  or  strictly  dioecious. 

§2.  Syndesmon,  Hoffmansegg. — Achenia  and  seed  as  in  §  1.  Stigma 
depressed.  Sepals  5  -  10,  longer  than  the  stamens,  merely  deciduous. 
—  Root  grumous,  or  fasciculate-tuberous.  Stem  simple,  leafless,  except 
an  involucre  at  the  summit,  like  that  of  Anemone  ;  consisting  of  2  or 
3  trifoliohite  leaves  with  long-petiolulate  leaflets,  but  destitute  of  com- 
mon petioles,  thus  simulating  a  whorl  of  6  or  9  long  stalked  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  few  and  umbellate,  or  single,  pretty  large,  showy,  perfect. 

§3.  Physocarpum,  DC. —  Achenia  stipitate,  inflated,  veiny-striate  or 
even,  the  cell  much  larger  than  the  seed.  Sepals  merely  deciduous.  — 
Roots  fibrose.  Stems  usually  branching,  alternate-leaved.  Flowers 
corymbose,  scattered,  perfect  or  polygamous. 


PLATE  6.     Fig.  1-8.    Thalictrum  (Syndesmon)  anemonoides,  Michx. 

1.  A  stamen,  magnified. 

2.  A  separate  pistil,  magnified. 

3.  Transverse,  and  4,  vertical  section  of  the  same. 

5.  Detached  ovule,  magnified. 

6.  Head  of  ripe  achenia,  enlarged. 

7.  Separate  achenium,  enlarged. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  and  of  the  seed,  showing  the  embryo. 

9.  Enlarged  flower  of  T.  (Physocarpum)  clavatum,  DC.  (Gray,  in  Sill. 

Jour.  42.  p.  17)  ;  —  from  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

10.  A  magnified  stamen,  from  the  same. 

11.  A  pistil,  magnified. 

12.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  ovule. 

13.  Ovule,  more  magnified. 

14.  Vertical  section  of  an  achenium,  seed,  and  embryo. 

15.  Embryo  detached  and  much  more  magnified. 


RANUNCULACE-E.  25 


Plate  7. 
TRAUTVETTERIA,  Fisch.  <$•  Mey. 

Calyx  3  —  5-sepalus,  aestivatione  imbricatus,  sepalis  conca- 
vis  caducissimis.  Petala  nulla.  Achenia  plurima,  utriciilata, 
membranacea,  dolabriformi-quadrangulata.  Semen  e  basi 
adscendenti-erectum  !  Embryo  majuscula  !  —  Folia  palma- 
tifida.     Involucrum  nullum. 

Trautvetteria,   Fischer  &  Meyer,  Ind.   Sem.   Petrop.  1835.  p.  22. 

Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  37.     Endl.  Gen.  4798. 
Hydrastis,  Lam.  111.  t.  500;  non  Linn. 
CiMiciFcca:  Sp.,  Miclix.  Fl.  1.  p.  316. 


Calyx  of  3  to  5  orbicular  and  strongly  concave  sepals, 
imbricated  in  aestivation  (when  four  in  number,  as  is  most 
common,  two  are  exterior  and  two  interior  in  the  bud,  but 
sometimes  two  are  overlapped  on  one  edge  by  the  outer 
one,  and  the  fourth  is  interior),  petaloid  (greenish-white), 
very  caducous.  Petals  none.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogy- 
nous,  in  several  series,  much  longer  than  the  pistils,  all  per- 
fect, white  :  filaments  thickened  upward  or  clavate  :  an- 
thers short,  pointless ;  the  elliptical  cells  separate,  some- 
what extrorsely  adnate,  opening  longitudinally.  Pistils 
indefinite  (20  or  more),  capitate  on  the  short  receptacle  : 
ovary  compressed,  gibbous,  one-celled,  one-ovuled  :  stigma 
recurved,  unilateral.  Ovule  erect,  ascending  from  the  base 
of  the  cell,  anatropous  ;  the  strong  raphe  ventral. 

Achenia  capitate,  numerous,  sessile,  broadly  ovate,  gib- 
bous, beaked  by  the  recurved-uncinate  persistent  stigma  or 
short  style,  utricular  and  membranaceous,  entirely  smooth 
and  even,  except  the  four  prominent  narrow  ribs,  which  are 
one  dorsal,  the  other  ventral,  bordering  the  acute  angles,  and 
the  two  others  lateral,  forming  obtuse  angles,  the  transverse 
section  exactly  rhombic  :  the  ripe  fruit  inclines  to  open  at 

one  of  the  sutures.     Seed  very  much  smaller  than  the  cell, 
3 


26  RANUNCULACE^E. 

erect  or  ascending  from  next  its  base  at  the  inner  angle,  ob- 
ovate-oblong,  smooth.  Embryo  oblong-linear,  fully  one  third 
the  length  of  the  firm  fleshy  albumen  :  radicle  inferior,  next 
the  hilum  :   cotyledons  narrowly  oblong. 

Herbs,  smooth  throughout  or  nearly  so,  perennial,  with 
simple,  or  sparingly  corymbose,  fistulous  stems  from  matted 
fibrose  rootstocks,  few  alternate  leaves,  the  upper  small  and 
bract-like,  and  rather  handsome  corymbose  flowers.  Radi- 
cal leaves  ample,  long-petioled,  palmately  veined,  palmately 
5-  11-cleft,  with  the  lobes  irregularly  incised  and  toothed; 
the  veins  and  veinlets  conspicuous  underneath,  freely  reticu- 
lated. 


Etymology.  Dedicated  to  E.  R.  Trautvetter,  a  well-known  botanist, 
now  Professor  at  Kiev,  in  Southern  Russia. 

Geographical  Distribution.  The  original  species  is  found  along-  shad- 
ed streams,  throughout  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  Virginia  southward, 
and  along  their  western  confines  :  it  also  occurs  sparingly  in  Illinois,  and  ap- 
parently reappears  in  Northern  Oregon.  A  second,  but  imperfectly  known 
species  has  been  recently  indicated  by  Siebold  and  Zuccarini  in  Japan. 

Observation.  The  genus  seems  to  be  about  equally  allied  to  Thalictrum 
and  to  Hydrastis. 


PLATE  7.  Trautvetteria  palmata,  F.  df  M. ; — the  upper  part  of  a 
flowering  plant,  of  the  natural  size.  (From  living  specimens  in- 
troduced into  the  Cambridge  Botanic  Garden  from  the  mountains  of 
Carolina.) 

1.  Diagram  of  the  customary  aestivation  of  the  sepals. 

2.  Enlarged  head  of  pistils,  with  one  stamen  remaining. 

3.  Stamen  enlarged,  seen  from  the  inside. 

4.  Same,  seen  from  the  exterior. 

5.  Detached  pistil,  enlarged. 

6.  Same,  with  the  ovary  vertically  divided,  showing  the  ovule  in  place. 

7.  Ovule  magnified. 

8.  Heads  of  fruit,  natural  size. 

9.  Utricular  achenium,  enlarged. 

10.  Transverse  section  of  the  same,  and  of  the  seed, 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  same  ;  the  seed  in  place. 

12.  Magnified  vertical  section  of  the  seed,  showing  the  slender  embryo, 

which  is  unusually  large  for  this  order,  in  the  albumen. 


RANUNCULACEiE.  27 


Plate  8. 
MYOSURUS,  Dill. 

Sepala  basi  deorsum  calcarata.  Petala  calyce  breviora, 
angusta,  ungue  filiformi  ad  apicem  tubuloso-nectarifera. 
Achenia  plurima,  trigona,  supra  gynophorum  elongatum  spi- 
cata.  Semen  suspensum.  —  Acaulescentes,  annua?,  pusillas  ; 
foliis  linearibus  integerrimis,  scapo  unifloro. 

Mvosurus,  Dillen.  Nov.  Gen.  106.     Linn.  Gen.  394.     Gasrtn.  Fr.  t.  74. 
Schknhr,  Handb.  t.  88.     DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  229.     Endl.  Gen.  4780. 

9Iouse-tail. 


Calyx  somewhat  petaloid,  imbricated  in  aestivation  :  se- 
pals 5,  rarely  6  or  7,  regular,  oblong  or  spatulate,  sessile,  the 
base  prolonged  downward  below  the  insertion  into  a  pen- 
dent spur,  deciduous.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  and 
alternate  with  them,  smaller  than  they,  hypogynous,  raised 
on  a  slender  claw  which  is  somewhat  tubular  and  nectarif- 
erous at  its  summit  ;  the  narrowly  oblong  lamina  plane,  not 
longer  than  the  claw.  Stamens  5  to  20,  hypogynous  :  fil- 
aments filiform  :  anthers  oblong,  slightly  extrorse,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally.  Pistils  very  numerous,  or  20  to  25, 
imbricated-spiked  on  a  prolonged  receptacle  (gynophore)  : 
ovary  inserted  by  the  whole  length  of  the  ventral  suture, 
compressed,  one-celled,  one-ovuled  :  ovule  anatropous,  sus- 
pended from  the  summit  of  the  cell  ;  the  raphe  dorsal  : 
style  subulate,  as  long  as  the  ovary,  naked,  stigmatose  from 
the  apex  downward  on  the  inner  side. 

Fruit  an  elongated  (cylindrical,  linear,  or  oblong)  spike 
of  achenia  imbricated  on  the  filiform  and  angled  recepta- 
cle, thickened  and  somewhat  corky  in  texture  at  maturity, 
broadest  on  the  back,  which  is  rhomboidal  with  thickened 
edges  and  a  somewhat  carinate  medial  line  ;  the  sides  cunei- 
formly  converging  to  the  ventral  edge,  winch  is  minutely 


28  RANUNCULACE^E. 

hairy,  and  inserted  by  its  whole  length,  blunt  in  M.  mini- 
mus (the  short  style  not  enlarging  in  fructification  but 
incorporated  with  the  back  of  the  carpel),  or  in  M.  aristatus, 
Bcnth.,  forming  a  projecting  beak.  Seed  oval,  conformed 
to  the  cell,  suspended  from  its  upper  outer  angle.  Albumen 
fleshy.  Embryo  minute,  next  the  hilum,  cordate,  the  short 
cotyledons  separated  :    radicle  superior. 

Acaulescent  annuals  or  biennials,  small  and  inconspicu- 
ous, with  narrowly  linear  and  entire  radical  leaves,  and  a 
naked  one-flowered  scape.  Flower  small,  greenish-yellow  : 
the  receptacle  very  early  exserted  and  prolonged.  • 


Etymology.  Name  composed  of  pis,  a  mouse,  and  oipd,  tail ;  from  the 
appearance  of  the  long  spike  of  carpels  in  fruit. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  The  species  of  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi  and  northwestward,  from  which  our  figure  is  derived,  appears 
not  to  be  distinct  from  the  common  European  and  North  Asiatic  plant :  but 
a  second  species,  remarkable  for  its  few  and  aristate  carpels,  has  recently 
been  detected  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  by  Mr.  Geyer,  as  well  as  on  the 
Andes  of  Chili. 


PLATE  9.     Myosurus  minimus,  Linn. ;  —  from  Missouri  specimens;   of 
the  natural  size. 

1.  Flower,  enlarged. 

2.  Detached  sepal,  enlarged. 

3.  Detached  petal,  equally  enlarged. 

4.  A  stamen,  enlarged  ;  outside  view. 

5.  Detached  pistil,  magnified. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  ovule. 

7.  Receptacle  in  fruit,  enlarged  ;  all  the  upper  achenia  removed. 

8.  Achenium  detached,  seen  laterally. 

9.  Transverse  section  of  the  same,  more  magnified. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  seed  in  place. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  seed,  magnified,  showing  the  embryo. 

12.  Embryo,  highly  magnified. 


ranunculace^e.  29 

Plate  9. 
RANUNCULUS,  L. 

Sepala  exappendiculata.     Petala  plana,  dilatata,  basi  intus 

squamula  vel  foveola  instructa.     Achenia  plurima,  compres- 

sa,  mucronata  seu  rostrata,  supra  gynophorum  globosum  cy- 

lindricumve  capitata.     Semen  erectum. 

Ranunculus,  Linn.  (excl.  sp.)      Hall.  Helv.  2.  p.  68.      DC.  Prodr.  1. 
p.  26.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  26.     Endl.  Gen.  47S3. 

Crowfoot.      Buttercups. 


Calyx  herbaceous  or  slightly  colored,  imbricated  in  aesti- 
vation, regular;  the  sepals  5  (rarely  3  or  4),  concave,  decid- 
uous. Petals  5  (rarely  more  or  fewer),  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  usually  much  larger  than  they,  imbricated  in  aestiva- 
tion, hypogynous,  plane,  dilated,  the  contracted  base  fur- 
nished on  the  inner  side  with  a  nectariferous  depression  or 
small  adherent  scale,  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous, 
indefinite,  rarely  few  (5  or  more) :  filaments  filiform  : 
anthers  short,  extrorsely  adnate,  the  cells  opening  longi- 
tudinally. Pistils  indefinite,  capitate  on  a  globular  or  cy- 
lindrical receptacle  (gynophore) :  ovary  compressed,  one- 
celled,  one-ovuled :  style  short,  subulate  :  stigma  occupying 
the  inner  side  at  its  apex.  Ovule  erect  or  ascending  from 
the  inner  angle  next  the  base  of  the  cell,  anatropous ;  the 
raphe  ventral. 

Fruit  a  head  of  compressed  or  turgid  achenia,  pointed  or 
beaked  with  the  persistent  and  naked  style.  Seed  erect, 
conformed  to  the  cell.  Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the 
corneous-fleshy  albumen,  next  the  hilum :  radicle  inferior. 

Herbs  of  various  habit  and  foliage,  the  cauline  leaves, 
when  present,  alternate.  Petioles  dilated  at  the  base.  In- 
volucre none.  Flowers  solitary,  terminating  the  stem  and 
branches,  usually  showy,  yellow  or  sometimes  white,  very 
rarely  purple. 


30  RANUNCULACE.E. 

Etymology.  An  ancient  Latin  name,  the  diminutive  of  Rana,  a  frog, 
also  applied  by  Pliny  to  aquatic  species  of  this  genus,  which  inhabit  similar 
places. 

Properties.  The  fresh  juice  is  my  acrid  and  poisonous,  so  much  so  in 
many  species  as  to  blister  the  skin  or  produce  ulcers.  But  the  acrid  princi- 
ple is  so  far  dissipated  in  drying,  that  the  Buttercups,  which  abound  in  every 
old  meadow,  are  apparently  innocuous  in  the  hay. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  about  200  described  species, 
dispersed  over  almost  every  paft  of  the  world ;  but  chiefly  belonging  to 
temperate  and  frigid  regions,  and  to  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Division.  The  white-flowered  aquatic  species  bear  a  nectariferous  pit  on 
the  yellowish  base  of  the  petal,  in  place  of  the  adherent  scale ;  and  the 
achenia  are  wrinkled  transversely ;  these  form  the  section  Batrachium, 
DC.  The  sections  Ranunculastrum,  Hecatonia,  and  Echinella,  of  De  I  mi- 
ddle, which  all  have  the  squamula  on  the  base  of  the  petals,  are  distin- 
guished by  characters  of  less  moment,  and  may  rather  be  taken  as  subdivis- 
ions of  the  higher  group,  Ranunculus  proper. 

Note.  The  genus  Hamadryas,  which  on  p.  11  was  referred  to  the  Sub- 
tribe  Adonidese,  on  the  authority  of  the  character  "  ovulo  unico  pendulo  " 
by  Endlicher,  has  an  erect  ovule,  and  must  stand  nest  to  Ranunculus  ;  as  is 
well  shown  by  Dr.  Hooker  (Flora  Antarctica,  p.  227.  t.  85). 


PLATE  9.  Ranunculus  fascicularis,  Muhl.  ;  —  natural  size,  with  its 
fasciculate  thickened  roots.  (From  a  plant  indigenous  at  Cam- 
bridge :  a  common  vernal  species  ) 

1.  Sepal  detached  and  moderately  enlarged. 

2.  Petal,  equally  enlarged  ;  inside  view. 

3.  Stamen  enlarged  ;   inside  view. 

4.  Same,  seen  from  the  outside. 

5.  A  pistil  detached  and  magnified. 

6.  Same,  with  the  ovary  divided,  showing  the  ovule. 

7.  Ovule,  more  magnified. 

8.  Vertical  section  through  a  head  of  pistils  in  fruit,  enlarged. 

9.  An  aehenium,  magnified. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  an  aehenium  and  the  inclosed  seed,  magnified,  show- 
ing the  embryo. 


RANUNCULACE.E  31 


Plate   10. 


CALTHA,  L. 

Calyx  4-10-sepalus,  petaloideus,  regularis,  deciduus.  Pe- 
tala  plane  nulla.  Folliculi  5-15,  sessiles,  compressi,  pa- 
tentes,  polyspermi.  —  Folia  rotundata  vel  cordata,  indivisa. 

Caltha,  Linn.     Gsrtn.  Fr.  t.  118.     DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  306  (excl.  §  1). 
Populago,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  273.  t.  145. 

Marsh  Marigold. 


Calyx  regular,  imbricated  in  asstivation  :  sepals  petaloid, 
ovate  or  oblong,  spreading,  plane,  deciduous.  Petals  en- 
tirely wanting.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous :  fila- 
ments filiform  :  anthers  oblong,  innate  or  slightly  extrorse, 
the  cells  opening  longitudinally  at  the  margins.  Pistils 
5  to  15,  sessile  on  the  small  or  depressed  receptacle,  one-cell- 
ed, many-ovuled  :  style  none,  or  a  short  point  stigmatose 
on  the  inner  side.  Ovules  indefinite,  occupying  the  ventral 
suture  in  two  rows,  horizontal,  anatropous ;  their  raphes  col- 
lateral (next  the  suture,  or  face  to  face). 

Fruit  follicular.  Follicles  as  many  as  the  ovaries,  or 
by  abortion  fewer,  verticillate,  or  when  numerous  capitate, 
soon  divergently  spreading,  sessile,  short-pointed,  coriaceo- 
membranaceous  in  texture,  compressed,  dehiscent  by  the 
whole  length  of  the  ventral  suture,  soon  opening  flat,  bear- 
ing a  row  of  seeds  upon  each  margin.  Seeds  horizontal, 
oval,  the  smooth  and  rather  thick  testa  extended  into  a 
wing-like  border  at  the  raphe  and  chalaza.  Alhumen  fleshy. 
Embryo  minute,  next  the  hilum :  cotyledons  very  short, 
separate. 

Herbs  smooth,  with  simple  or  sparingly  branched  fistu- 
lous stems,  or  scapes,  rising  from  perennial  and  often  creep- 
ing rootstocks,  and  bearing  several  or  solitary,  terminal ,  large 
and  showy  vernal  flowers.  Calyx  golden-yellow,  or  rarely 
white.      Leaves  ample,   rounded,  crenate-toothed  or  entire. 


32  RANUNCULACEiE. 

veiny,  mostly  cordate  or  reniform ;  the  few  cauline  or  the 
uppermost  nearly  sessile,  alternate ;  the  radical  ones  long- 
petioled.  Petioles  dilated  and  sheathing,  and  often  stipu- 
liform  at  the  hase. 


Etymology.  From  Ka\a6os,  a  goblet,  in  allusion  to  the  golden  flower- 
cup,  or  calyx,  of  the  common  species. 

Properties.  Somewhat  acrid  when  fresh.  The  vernal  herbage  of  the 
common  C.  palustris  is  largely  used  in  this  country  as  a  pot-herb,  under  the 
erroneous,  but  widely  diffused,  name  of  Cowslips:  the  acridity  is  destroyed 
by  boiling. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  few  species,  widely  distrib- 
uted through  the  colder  temperate  and  frigid  zones  ot  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, inhabiting  wet  places.  —  The  singular,  oligandrous  and  oligosper- 
mous,  antarctic  species  are  surely  of  a  different  genus. 


PLATE  10.     Caltha   palustris,   Linn.;  —  upper  part  of  a  flowering 
plant ;  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  Stamen,  magnified  ;  inside  view. 

2.  The  same,  outside  view. 

3.  A  pistil,  enlarged. 

4.  Vertical  section  through  the  ovary  of  the  same. 

5.  Ovule,  magnified. 

6.  Head  of  follicles,  of  the  natural  size. 

7.  Follicle,  opening  by  the  ventral  suture. 

8.  Same,  after  dehiscence,  the  seeds  discharged. 

9.  Seed,  magnified. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo  in  the  albumen. 

1 1 .  Embryo,  more  magnified. 


RANUNCULACE^E.  33 


Plate  11. 
TROLLIUS,  L. 

Calyx  5  -  polysepalus,  petaloideus,  regularis,  deciduus. 
Petala  5-20,  parva,  nectariformia,  ligulata,  basi  intus  subtu- 
bulosa.  Folliculi  sessiles,  plurimi,  cylindracei,  polyspermi. 
—  Herba3  Ranunculi  facie,  foliis  palmatifidis. 

Tkollius,  Linn.  Gen.  780.     Gfertn.  Fr.  t.  118.     Lam.  111.  t.  499.     Salisb. 
in  Linn.  Trans.  8.  p.  302.     DC.  Syst.  1.  p. 311.     Endl.  Gen.  47»7. 
Geissenia,  Raf.  in  New  York  Med.  Rep.  (5.)  2.  p.  450. 

Globe-Flower. 


Calyx  petaloid,  regular,  imbricated  in  aestivation :  sepals 
5  to  20,  orbicular  or  obovate,  remaining  incurved,  so  as  to 
give  a  globular  form  to  the  flower  (whence  the  popular 
name  for  T.  Europasus),  or  spreading,  deciduous.  Petals 
5  to  20,  hypogynous,  small,  little  exceeding  or  shorter  than 
the  stamens,  which  they  somewhat  resemble,  ligulate  or 
linear-spatulate,  thickish,  gland-like,  slightly  unguiculate, 
somewhat  excavated  or  tubular  on  the  inner  side  next  the 
base,  deciduous.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous :  fila- 
ments filiform :  anthers  short,  innate,  the  cells  opening  lat- 
erally, or  slightly  introrse.  Pistils  9  to  30,  sessile  on  the 
globular  summit  of  the  receptacle  (gynophore) :  ovary  one- 
celled,  many-ovuled,  tapering  into  a  short  style  ;  the  stigma 
unilateral  at  its  summit.  Ovules  numerous,  anatropous, 
horizontal  in  two  rows  occupying  the  whole  length  of  the 
ventral  suture  ;  their  raphes  collateral  (face  to  face). 

Fruit  follicular.  Follicles  9  to  30,  capitate,  closely 
sessile,  erect  or  barely  spreading,  coriaceous,  nearly  cylindra- 
ceous,  transversely  veiny  from  the  dorsal  rib,  from  which  is 
exserted  the  subulate  short  style,  dehiscent  through  the  ven- 
tral suture  from  the  apex  downward.  Seeds  horizontal,  in 
two  rows,  5  to  10  in  each,  ovoid  or  angled :  the  smooth  and 


34  RANUNCULACEvE. 

coriaceous  testa  conformed  to  the  nucleus ;  the  raphe  not 
appendaged..  Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  al- 
bumen, cordate  ;  the  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Herbs  smooth,  with  much  the  aspect  of  Ranunculus ; 
the  mostly  simple  and  fistulous  stems  rising  from  fibrose-- 
fascicled  blackish  roots,  .and  terminated  by  solitary  large 
flowers.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  5  -  7-parted,  with  the 
cuneiform  divisions  incisely  cleft  and  toothed ;  the  upper- 
most nearly  sessile.  Petioles  dilated  at  the  base,  and  more 
or  less  clasping.     Flower  yellow. 


Etymology.  Thought  to  be  derived  from  the  German  tiollrn,  to  roll, 
from  the  globular  shape  of  the  flower  in  the  original  European  species,  the 
Globe-floioer  of  the  gardens ;  —  a  name  by  no  means  appropriate  for  the  other 
species,  in  which  the  floral  envelopes  are  more  or  less  widely  expanded. 

Properties.  Slightly  acrid.  T.  Europaeus,  especially,  is  cultivated  for 
its  showy  vernal  flowers. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Natives  of  the  colder  portion  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  in  moist  and  shady  places  ;  one  species  in  Europe,  five 
in  Northern  Asia,  and  one  in  North  America. 


PLATE  11.     Trollius   laxus,  Salisb. ; —  summit  of  a  flowering  plant 
(Botanic  Garden,  from  W.  New  York)  ;  natural  size. 

1.  A  petal,  magnified  ;  seen  externally. 

2.  Same,  seen  from  within. 

3.  Side  view  of  the  same  (badly  engraved). 

4.  A  stamen,  magnified  ;  seen  externally. 

5.  Same,  seen  from  the  inner  side. 

6.  Pistils,  the  rest  of  the  flower  removed  from  the  receptacle  ;  enlarged. 

7.  A  pistil,  detached. 

8.  Transverse  section  of  the  ovary  of  the  same. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  the  same. 

10.  Head  of  fruit  ;  of  the  natural  size. 

1 1 .  Detached  follicle,  dehiscent ;  inside  view. 

12.  A  seed,  magnified. 

13.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  displaying  the  embryo. 


RANUNCULACE^E.  35 

f LATE    12. 

ISOPYRUM,  L. 

Calyx  5  -  6-sepalus,  petaloideus,  regularis,  deciduus.  Pe- 
tala  5,  brevissima,  nectariformia,  basifixa,  seu  nulla.  Folli- 
culi  sessiles,  2  —  20,  raembranacei,  compressi,  oligo-polysper- 
mi.  —  Folia  ternatim  composita,  Thalictri  facie. 

Isopyrdm,  Linn.  Juss.  Gen.  p.  232.  GsErtn.  Fr.  t.  65.  Scbkubr,  Handb. 
t.  153.  DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  323.  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  2.  p.  298.  Torr. 
&Gray,  FI.  N.  Am.  I.  p.  C60. 

Subgen.  Enemion.  —  Petala  nulla.     Ovula  pauca,  1-seriata. 

Enemion,  Raf.  in  Jour.  Pliys.  91.  p.  70.  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  p.  29.  Endl. 
Gen.  848. 


Calyx  petaloid,  regular,  imbricated  in  aestivation  :  sepals 
5,  sometimes  6,  spreading,  ovate,  deciduous.  Petals,  in 
species  of  the  Old  World,  very  short  and  tubular,  1-2-lip- 
ped,  in  the  North  American  none.  Stamens  numerous,  hy- 
pogynous:  filaments  filiform  or  flattened :  anthers  innate, 
the  oblong  cells  opening  on  the  margins  longitudinally. 
Pistils  few  or  several ;  sessile  on  the  globular  receptacle  : 
ovary  one-celled,  pointed  with  the  distinct  style,  which  is 
stigmatose  from  the  apex  down  the  inner  side.  Ovules 
anatropous,  few  (3  to  10)  in  a  single  series  and  more  or  less 
ascending,  or  numerous  in  two  rows  and  horizontal,  with 
the  raphes  collateral. 

Follicles  3  to  20  (rarely  solitary),  membranaceous,  veiny 
or  reticulated,  more  or  less  compressed,  beaked  with  the  sub- 
ulate style,  dehiscent  through  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds 
few  or  numerous,  mostly  horizontal ;  the  testa  crustaceous, 
smooth  or  minutely  pubescent,  or  sometimes  granulate-sca- 
brous. Embryo  minute,  next  the  hilum,  at  the  base  of  the 
fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs  of  small  size,  with  fibrous,  and  sometimes  grumous 
roots,  slender  stems,  and  ternately-compound  alternate  leaves. 


36  RANUNCULACEiE. 

Leaflets  lobed.  Petioles  commonly  auriculate-dilated  at  the 
base,  forming  a  small-  stipuliform  appendage  on  each  side. 
Flowers  white  or  light  yellow,  small  or  middle-sized,  ter- 
minating the  stem  and  branches. 


Etymology  and  Properties.  A  name  given  by  Dioscorides  to  a  Gre- 
cian plant  (probably  Fumaria  eapreolata),  formed  of  'Irros,  equal,  and  irvpos, 
wheat.     Slightly  acrid  plants,  of  no  known  importance. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  few  species,  sparingly  scat- 
tered over  the  northern  temperate  zone.  The  two  North  American  species 
are  remarkable  for  being  apetalous  :  that  of  the  United  States  has  just  the 
aspect  of  the  European  I.  thalictroides,  L. ;  while  the  Californian  species  is 
more  like  the  Siberian  I.  fumarioides,  L.  Two  other  species  belong  to  the 
Altaic  and  Himalayan  Mountains,  and  a  seventh  to  Japan. 

Note.  The  analyses  in  Plate  12  having  been  made  from  dried  speci- 
mens, with  aid  of  a  former  sketch  in  which  this  point  was  not  particu- 
larly attended  to,  we  are  not  sure  that  the  raphe  is  correctly  represented  as 
ventral  ;  but  the  ovules,  which  are  only  two  or  three  in  number,  are  certain- 
ly superposed  in  a  single  series. 


PLATE  12.     Isopyrum  (Enemion)  biternatum,  Torr.  <J-  Gray;  —  plant 
from  Ohio  (Sullivant),  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  A  stamen,  magnified. 

2.  The  pistils,  on  the  receptacle,  magnified. 

3.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistil,  magnified. 

4.  Pistils  in  fruit,  the  ripe  follicles  divaricate  ;  enlarged. 

5.  A  seed,  magnified  ;  showing  the  thick  raphe. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  displaying  the  embryo  at  the  base  of  the 

albumen. 


RANUNCULACE;E.  37 


Plate   13. 

COPTIS,  Salisb. 

Calyx  5  -  6-sepalus,  petaloideus,  regularis,  deciduus.     Pe- 

tala  totidem,  unguiculata ;  apice  lamina  glandulaeformia  dila- 

tato-cucullata,  nunc  caudato-appendiculata.     Folliculi  3  - 10, 

longe  stipitati,  stellato-patentes,  oligospermi.  —  Acaulescen- 

tes,  foliis  trifoliolatis  ternatiinve  compositis,  scapoque  nudo 

uni-paucifloro,  e  rhizomate  flagelliformi  fibrilloso. 

Coptis,  Salisb.  in  Linn.  Trans.  8.  p.  305.     DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  321.     Torr. 

&  Gr.  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  28.    Endl.  Gen.  4792. 
Hellebori  Sp.,  Linn.  Amcen.  2.  p.  355.  t.  4.  etc. 
Chryza,  Raf.  in  Desv.  Jour.  Bot.  2.  p.  170,  &  New  York  Med.  Rep. 
Coptis,  Chrysocoptis,  &  Pterophyllcm,  NutU 

Gold-thread. 


Calyx  petaloid  (white  or  greenish-white),  regular,  imbri- 
cated in  aestivation :  sepals  ovate-oblong  or  linear,  spread- 
ing, or  at  length  rerlexed,  early  deciduous.  Petals  as  many 
as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  hypogynous,  unguic- 
ulate,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  stamens ;  the  gland-like 
apex  thickened,  cucullate-dilated  and  inappendiculate,  or 
produced  into  a  filiform  caudate  appendage  much  exceeding 
the  stamens.  Stamens  13  to  30,  shorter  than  the  sepals, 
hypogynous :  filaments  filiform :  anthers  oval,  innate,  the 
cells  opening  longitudinally.  Pistils  3  to  10,  verticillate,  at 
first  short-stipitate  or  almost  sessile  and  erect,  but  spreading 
and  the  stipe  elongating  after  fecundation :  ovary  one-cell- 
ed, several-ovuled,  pointed  with  a  short  and  often  recurved 
style,  which  is  stigmatose  down  the  inner  face.  Ovules  10  to 
24,  anatropous,  horizontal  in  two  series  ;  the  raphes  collateral. 

Follicles  3  to  10,  ovate  or  oblong,  raised  on  slender 
stipes,  membranaceous,  few-  (4-  10-)  seeded.  Seeds  small, 
horizontal,  oval ;  the  smooth  and  shining  testa  conformed  or 
nearly  so  to  the  nucleus.  Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of 
the  albumen,  cordate  ;  the  radicle  next  the  hilum. 


38  RANUNCULACEvE. 

Acaulescent,  low  and  slender,  smooth  and  shining  herbs ; 
with  trifoliolate  or  ternately-decompound  radical  leaves,  on 
slender  petioles,  and  a  1  -  4-flowered  naked  (minutely  1  -  2- 
bracteate)  scape,  rising  in  early  spring  from  a  kind  of  scaly 
bud,  borne  at  the  extremity  of  a  long  and  filiform,  extensive- 
ly creeping,  orange-colored,  fibrillose  rhizoma.  Leaves  per- 
sistent through  the  winter :   leaflets  incised  and  toothed. 


Etymology.     From  Kojrra,  to  cut,  alluding:  to  the  divided  leaves. 
Properties.     The  yellow  rootstocks  and  routs  are  intensely  bitter  :   the  in- 
fusion is  used  as  a  tonic,  and  as  a  topical  application  to  aphthous  ulcerations. 
Geographical  Distribution.     Natives  of  the  colder  northern  temperate 
zone,  in  damp  shady  woods  and  bogs.    One  species  extends  round  the  world  ; 
the  others  are  Northwest  American  and  Asiatic. 

Division,  &c.  In  a  specimen  of  Chrysocoptis  occidentalis,  Nutt.,  from 
Geyer's  Oregon  collectfon,  the  petals  are  constructed  just  as  in  C.  aspleni- 
folia  ;  that  is,  the  lamina  is  glandular-thickened  and  more  or  less  cucullate 
next  the  apex  of  the  claw,  and  then  continued  upwards  into  a  very  long, 
ligulate-filiform  tail ;  —  thus  leaving  no  real  distinction  between  Chrysocoptis 
and  the  section  Pterophyllum.  Furthermore,  the  two  Japanese  species  re- 
ceutly  described  by  Zuccarini  resemble  the  latter,  except  that  their  petals  are 
not  thus  prolonged.  It  appears,  therefore,  that  only  two  subgenera  can 
now  be  characterized,  viz. 

§  1.  Chrysa..  (Chryza,  Raf.)  —  Sepals  oval.  Petals  very  small,  glandu- 
lajform,  obconical-dilated  and  cucullate  at  the  apex,  not  appendieulate. 
—  Scape  1-flowered.  Leaves  simply  trifoliolate.  (C.  tnfolia.) 
^2.  Chrysocoptis.  (Chrysocoptis  &  Pterophyllum,  Nutt.) — Sepals 
linear  or  narrowly  ligulate.  Petals  with  an  involute-cucullate  lamina, 
either  elliptical  and  inappendiculate,  or  produced  into  a  long  filiform 
appendage.  —  Scape  2 -4-flowered.     Leaves  1  - 2-ternately  compound. 


PLATE  13.     Coptis  trifolia,  Salisb. ;  —  flowering  plant,  natural  size. 

1.  Flower,  enlarged. 

2,  3.  Magnified  petals  ;  the  former  an  inside,  the  other  an  outside  view. 

4.  A  stamen,  magnified, 

5.  Pistils  and  receptacle,  magnified. 

6.  One  of  the  pistils,  detached. 

7.  Transverse  section,  and  8,  vertical  section,  of  the  same. 
9.   Fruit  (shorter-stalked  than  usual),  of  the  natural  size. 

10.  A  seed,  magnified. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo. 


RANUNCULACE^E.  39 


Plate  14. 
AQUILEGIA,    Tourn. 

Calyx  5-sepalus,  petaloideus,  regularis,  deciduus.  Petala 
5,  consimilia,  margine  limbi  oblicpii  affixa,  inter  sepala  deor- 
sura  in  calcar  cavum  infundibuliforme  l.onge  producta.  Fol- 
liculi  5,  conniventes,  sessiles,  polyspermi.  —  Caiiles  panicu- 
lato-ramosi :  folia  bi  -  triternata. 

Aquilegia,  Toum.  Inst.  t.  242.      Linn.  Gen.  6S4.      Gaertn.  Fr.  t.  11$. 
DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  333.     Endl.  Gen.  4795. 

Columbine. 


Calyx  petaloid,  regular,  imbricated  in  aestivation  :  sepals 
5,  spreading,  ovate  or  oblong,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  all  sim- 
ilar in  size  and  shape,  hypogynous,  inserted  by  the  inner 
margin  or  lip  of  the  oblique  expanded  limb,  alternate  with 
the  sepals,  and  produced  backwards  between  them  into  a 
long  infundibuliform-tubular  spur.  Stamens  indefinite,  hy- 
pogynous, obscurely  collected  into  5  to  10  clusters  :  fila- 
ments filiform  and  elongated ;  some  of  the  innermost  abor- 
tive, destitute  of  anthers,  and  converted  into  membranaceous 
scales  which  collectively  surround  the  ovaries :  anthers 
oval,  innate,  the  cells  opening  lengthwise  laterally.  Pistils 
usually  5,  sessile,  erect  or  appressed :  ovary  cylmdraceous, 
one-celled,  many-ovuled :  style  filiform,  elongated  :  stigma 
unilateral  at  the  apex.  Ovules  indefinite,  occupying  the 
whole  length  of  the  ventral  suture  in  two  series,  horizontal, 
anatropous  ;  the  raphes  collateral. 

Follicles  usually  5,  sessile,  erect  and  appressed,  nearly 
cylindrical,  veiny,  tipped  with  the  slender  persistent  styles, 
dehiscent  through  the  ventral  suture  from  the  apex  down- 
ward. Seeds  numerous,  in  two  series,  horizontal,  small, 
oval,  smooth  and  shining ;  the  crustaceous  testa  conformed 
to  the  nucleus.  Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  the  corneous- 
nVshy  albumen,  cordate ;  the  radicle  next  the  hilum. 


40  RANUNCULACEjE. 

Herbs,  with  erect  and  usually  paniculate-branching  stems, 
from  thickened  and  fibrose  perennial  roots ;  the  alternate 
leaves  bi  -  triternately  compound  ;  and  the  large  and  showy 
flowers  singly  terminating  the  stem  and  branches.  Lower 
leaves  long-petioled ;  the  uppermost  subsessile,  or  reduced  to 
bracts.  Petioles  more  or  less  dilated  at  the  base.  Leaflets 
roundish,  incisely  lobed,  glaucous  underneath. 


Etymology.  Name  from  aquila,  an  eagle  ;  perhaps  in  allusion  to  some 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  spur-shaped  petals  (nectaries  of  the  older  bota- 
nists) to  talons. 

Properties,  &e.  Rather  bitter  and  astringent,  but  the  seeds  are  acrid. 
—  The  common  European  Columbine  (A.  vulgaris,  L.)  is  cultivated  in 
every  garden  as  an  ornamental  flower  ;  and  our  own  wild  species,  which 
everywhere  adorns  our  rocks  and  sterile  hills  in  spring,  is  equally  showy, 
and  much  more  elegant  and  graceful. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  nearly  30  known  species,  dis- 
tributed over  the  cooler  portions  of  the  northern  temperate  zone.  Only  one 
species  is  indigenous  within  the  proper  United  States. 


PLATE  14.     Aquilegia   Canadensis,  Linn.  ;  —  summit   of  a  stem 
flower  and  fruit,  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  A  sepal,  detached. 

2.  A  petal,  detached. 

3.  One  of  the  sterile  filaments. 

4.  5.  Stamens. 

6.  An  anther,  enlarged. 

7.  The  pistils,  on  the  receptacle. 

8.  A  pistil,  magnified  ;  the  ovary  divided  longitudinally. 

9.  A  separate  pod  at  maturity. 

10.  A  seed,  magnified. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo  in  the  albumen. 

12.  Embryo  separated,  and  highly  magnified. 


ranunculace.-e.  41 

Plate   15. 
DELPHINIUM,    Tourn. 

Calyx  5-sepalus,  petaloideus,  irregularis ;  sepalo  extimo 
majore  basi  calcarato.  Petala  4,  biformia  (nonnunquam  inter 
se  coalita) ;  2  superiora  in  appendicem  calcariformem  inter 
calcar  calycinum  retrusum  producta.  Folliculi  1-5,  poly- 
spermy —  Folia  palmatifida  vel  bi  -  triternatisecta. 

Delphinium,  Tourn.  Inst.  t.  241.      Linn.  Gen.  861.      GiErtn.  Fr.  t.  65. 
Schkuhr,  Handb.  1. 145.     DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  340.    Endl.  Gen.  4796. 

Larkspur. 


Calyx  petaloid,  of  5  irregular  sepals,  imbricated  in  aesti- 
vation ;  the  larger  and  upper  sepal  (outermost  in  the  bud) 
produced  backwards  from  the  base  into  a  large  hollow  spur  ; 
the  others  plane,  spreading,  all  deciduous.  Petals  4,  small- 
er than  the  sepals,  hypogynous,  irregular  and  unsymmetri- 
cal,  in  two  pairs ;  the  upper  produced  backwards  from  the 
insertion  into  spurs  which  are  received  into  the  spur  of  the 
calyx ;  the  lower  unguiculate,  often  with  the  lamina  two- 
cleft  :  or  all  four  petals  coalescent  into  one  body  of  irregular 
form  in  §  Consolida  (which  is  also  remarkable  for  having  a 
single  pistil).  Stamens  numerous,  hypogynous,  short  and 
included  :  filaments  subulate  from  a  dilated  base  :  anthers 
oval,  innate,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Pistils  3  or 
5,  sometimes  only  one,  sessile  :  ovary  one-celled,  many- 
ovuled  :  style  subulate  :  stigma  unilateral  at  the  (entire  or 
two-toothed)  apex.  Ovules  indefinite,  horizontal  in  two  se- 
ries, occupying  the  whole  length  of  the  ventral  suture,  ana- 
tropous  ;  the  raphes  collateral. 

Follicles  sessile,  chartaceous,  pointed  with  the  short 
style,  few -many-seeded,  dehiscent  down  the  ventral  suture. 
Seeds  in  two  series,  horizontal ;  the  rather  fleshy  or  spongy 
4 


42  RANTJNCULACE/E. 

testa  conformed  to  the  nucleus.     Embryo  minute  at  the  base 
of  the  fleshy  albumen  :    radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Herbs,  with  upright  and  usually  branching  stems,  alter- 
nate and  palmately  five-parted  or  bi  -  triternately  dissected 
leaves,  and  showy  flowers,  commonly  in  a  terminal  raceme 
or  panicle.  Petioles  dilated  at  the  base.  Pedicels  often 
bracteolate.  Roots  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  then  fre- 
quently fasciculate-thickened. 


Etymology.  The  ancient  name,  from  8e\<f>lv,  a  dolphin ;  in  allusion  to 
the  shape  of  the  flowers. 

Properties.  Acrid  and  bitter,  especially  the  seeds.  — The  active  prop- 
erties are  owing  to  a  peculiar  principle,  called  delp/nnia,  which  especially 
abounds  in  D.  Staphysagria,  L.,  of  Southern  Europe.  The  seeds  of  this 
species,  under  the  name  of  stavesacre,  have  long  been  used  as  a  popular 
remedy  against  parasitic  vermin.  —  Several  very  ornamental  species  of  Lark- 
spur are  common  in  cultivation. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  about  70  known  species,  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  northern  temperate  zone,  chiefly  in  the  warmer  and 
unwooded  portions. 


PLATE  15.     Delphinium  tricorne,  Michx.  (from  Ohio)  ;  —  natural  size, 
but  shortened  ;  showing  both  flowers  and  fruit. 

1.  Flower  with  the  sepals  detached  and  displayed. 

2.  One  of  the  upper  petals,  a  little  enlarged. 

3.  One  of  the  lower  petals  ;  inside  view. 

4.  A  stamen,  enlarged. 

5.  The  pistils  and  receptacle,  magnified. 

6.  Transverse  section  of  an  ovary,  magnified. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  the  same. 

8.  A  seed,  magnified. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  displaying  the  minute  embryo  at  the  base 

of  the  albumen. 


RAN  UNCI)  i.ace.j:  43 


Plate   16. 
ACONITUM,    Town. 

Calyx  5-sepalus,  petaloideus,  irregularis ;  sepalo  extimo 
amplo  cassidaeformi,  lateralibus  orbiculatis,  anticis  oblongis. 
Petala  2  superiora  longe  unguiculata,  apice  cucullifera,  sub 
casside  recondita ;  3  inferiora  minima,  unguiformia,  vel  saspe 
obsoleta.     Folliculi  3-5,  polyspcrmi.  —  Folia  palinatifida. 

Aconitum,  Tourn.  Inst.  t. 239,  240.     Ga-rtn.  Fr.  t.65.     Sclikiilir,  Handb. 
t.  145.     DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  364.     Endl.  Gen.  4797. 

Mouk's-Iiood.    Wolf 's-bane. 


Calyx  petaloid,  of  5  unequal  and  irregular  sepals,  imbri- 
cated in  aestivation,  deciduous  or  marcescent ;  the  upper  one 
(called  the  galea)  much  larger  than  the  others  and  covering 
them  in  the  bud,  helmet-shaped  ;  the  two  lateral  broad  and 
rounded ;  the  two  lower  smaller  and  oblong.  Petals  2, 
concealed  under  the  galea,  consisting  of  a  very  small  oblong 
and  emarginate  lamina,  produced  backwards  into  a  short  and 
incurved  callous  spur,  and  raised  on  a  very  long  and  slender 
claw ;  the  3  lower  minute  and  resembling  sterile  filaments, 
or  wanting.  Stamens  numerous,  hypogynous:  filaments 
short,  subulate  from  a  membranaceous  dilated  base,  above 
recurved-spreading :  anthers  short,  innate  or  slightly  in- 
trorse  (extrorse,  Ledeb.),  the  cells  opening  longitudinally. 
Pistils  3  to  5,  sessile :  ovary  one-celled,  many-ovuled : 
style  subulate  :  stigma  unilateral  at  the  apex,  often  two- 
toothed.  Ovules  indefinite,  horizontal  in  two  series,  occu- 
pying the  whole  length  of  the  ventral  suture  ;  the  raphes 
collateral. 

Follicles  sessile,  chartaceous  or  membranaceous,  oblong, 
tipped  with  the  short  style,  many-seeded,  dehiscent  down 
the  ventral  suture.  Seeds  horizontal,  in  two  series ;  the 
thickened  and  spongy  testa  rugose,   often  appearing  as  if 


44  RANUNCULACEvE. 

squamigerous.      Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy 
albumen  :  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Herbs,  either  erect,  reclining,  or  trailing ;  with  perennial, 
often  tuberous  or  thickened  and  fascicled  roots,  and  simple 
or  branching  leafy  stems,  bearing  large  and  showy  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Leaves  alternate,  palmate- 
ly  3  -  5-parted  or  cleft;  the  divisions  usually  incised  or 
many-cleft.  Petioles  mostly  dilated  at  the  base.  Pedicels 
bracteolate. 


Etymology-  'Akovitov,  the  ancient  name  ;  by  some  supposed  to  be  de- 
rived from  Acone,  a  town  in  Bithynia.  The  popular  name  of  Monk's-hood 
is  evidently  derived  from  the  shape  of  the  upper  sepal,  especially  in  the 
section  Napellus ;  and  that  of  Wolf's-bane,  from  the  use  which  was  made 
of  some  species  in  Europe  for  poisoning  wolves. 

Properties.  Deadly  narcotico-acrid  poisons,  especially  the  root,  owing 
to  the  presence  of  a  peculiar  alkaloid  principle,  which  has  been  called  aco- 
nita.  The  leaves  of  several  species  have  been  used  in  medicine.  —  Several 
are  cultivated  for  their  showy  flowers. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  30  or  40  described  species, 
natives  of  the  northern  temperate  zone,  chiefly  in  the  colder  regions  or  on 
mountains.  The  two  species  of  the  United  States  (namely,  A.  reclinatum, 
Oral/,  which  is  nearly  white-flowered,  and  allied  to  the  European  A.  Ly- 
coctonum,  and  A.  uncinatum,  L.)  belong  to  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  or 
nearly  so. 


PLATE  16.     Aconitum  uncinatvjm,  Linn., — summit  of  a  stem  in  fruit 
and  flower  ;  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  Flower  with  the  sepals  and  (two)  petals  detached. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation  of  the  calyx. 

3.  Vertical  section  through  the  enlarged  flower,  dividing  the  galea,  show- 

ing one  petal  in  place,  &c. 

4.  A  magnified  stamen  ;  inside  view. 

5.  The  same,  seen  from  the  outer  side. 

6.  A.pistil,  magnified. 

7.  The  same,  with  the  ovary  divided  longitudinally. 

8.  Transverse  section  of  the  same. 

9.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

10.  A  seed,  magnified. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  same. 

12.  Embryo,  detached,  and  highly  magnified. 


RANUNCULACE.E.  45 


Plate   17. 

ZANTHORHIZA,    Marshall. 

Calyx  5-sepalus,  coloratus,  regularis.  Petala  5,  brevia, 
glandulaaformia,  breviter  unguiculata,  apice  dilatata  truncato- 
biloba.  Stamina  5—10.  Folliculi  5-10,  stylum  brevem 
cito  dorsalem  gerentes,  abortu  monospermi.  Semen  pendu- 
lum, raphe  ventrali.  —  Suffrutex  nanus  ;  caulibus  intus  fla- 
vis ;  racemis  compositis  pendulis,  deinde  foliis  pinnatisectis, 
e  gemma  terminali  squamosa  primo  vere  erumpentibus. 

Xanthorhiza,  Marsh.  Arbust.  Araer.  p.  168.     Endl.  Gen.  4803. 
Zanthorhiza,  L'Her.  Stirp.  p.  79.  t.  38.      Juss.  Gen.  p.  234.      Barton, 

Elem.  Bot.  t.  12.     DC.  Syat.  1.  p.  386.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 

Am.  1.  p.  40. 

Shrub  Yellow-root. 


Calyx  colored  (dark  and  dull  purple),  imbricated  in  aesti- 
vation, regular ;  the  sepals  5,  lanceolate-ovate,  acute,  spread- 
ing, deciduous.  Petals  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals  and 
much  smaller  than  they,  hypogynous,  gland-like,  fleshy,  rais- 
ed on  a  short  claw  ;  the  dilated  roundish  lamina  emarginate- 
two-lobed,  the  upper  face  excavated-glandular.  Stamens  5, 
alternate  with  the  petals,  or  sometimes  10,  hypogynous : 
filaments  short :  anthers  introrse,  the  elliptical  cells  sepa- 
rated below  by  the  thickened  connective,  opening  longitu- 
dinally. Pistils  5  to  10,  sessile :  ovary  oblong-ovate,  one- 
celled:  style  subulate,  incurved,  stigmatosc  down  the  inner 
face.  Ovules  a  single  pair  (rarely  more?)  borne  on  the 
middle  of  the  ventral  suture,  collateral,  anatropous,  at  first 
horizontal,  soon  pendulous,  and  with  the  raphes  ventral. 

Follicles  5  to  10,  oblong,  membranaceous,  ventricose- 
compressed,  becoming  gibbous  by  unequal  growth,  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  ovuliferous  or  middle  portion  of  the  ventral 
suture  in  the  ovary  becomes  the  summit  of  the  pod,  and 
the  short  persistent  style,  which  marks  the  original  apex, 


46  RANUNCULACE.E. 

becomes  deeply  dorsal  :  ventral  suture  tardily  dehiscent. 
Seed  solitary  (by  the  abortion  of  one  of  the  ovules),  pendu- 
lous from  the  apparent  summit  of  the  pod,  scarcely  one 
fourth  its  length,  oblong-obovate,  smooth  and  even,  marked 
with  a  narrow  ventral  raphe.  Albumen  fleshy.  Embryo 
minute  ;  the  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Shrub  low,  with  long  yellow  roots  and  creeping  root- 
stocks,  sending  up  simple  or  sparingly  branched  woody 
shoots  (one  or  two  feet  in  height),  which  are  strongly  mark- 
ed with  half-annular  scars  left  from  the  dilated  bases  of  the 
fallen  (alternate)  leaves,  terminated  by  a  kind  of  scaly  bud  ; 
from  which  arise,  in  early  spring,  the  panicled  or  compound 
slender  and  drooping  racemes,  and  the  pinnately  3-7-folio- 
late  leaves  ;  the  former  a  little  precocious,  and  occupying  the 
base  of  the  branch  of  the  season.  Leaflets  membranaceous, 
sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  incised  and  toothed,  often  2  -  3-cleft 
or  parted.  Flowers  small,  numerous,  dark  purple,  sometimes 
polygamous.     Bracts  and  bractlets  subulate,  minute. 


Etymology  and  Properties.  Name  compounded  of  gavdos,  yrlfow,  and 
pi'fa,  root ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  roots,  which,  as  also  the  inner 
bark,  wood,  and  pith,  are  pervaded  with  a  bright  yellow  coloring  matter, 
said  to  have  been  employed  by  the  aborigines  as  a  dye  :  it  is  intensely  bitter, 
and  has  been  used  as  a  tonic. 

Geographical  Distribution.  The  single  species  of  the  genus  belongs 
to  the  United  States  alone,  and  chiefly  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  growing  on  rocky  and  shaded  banks  along  streams. 


PLATE  17.     Zanthoriiiza  apiifolia,  L'Her.  ;  —  the  summit  of  a  flower- 
ing stem  ;  of  the  natural  size.     (Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge.) 

1.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

2.  A  petal,  magnified;  back  view. 

3.  Same,  seen  from  above. 

4.  A  stamen,  magnified  ;  inside  view. 

5.  The  pistils,  magnified. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  one  of  them,  showing  the  ovules. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  a  fertilized  ovary,  magnified. 

8.  The  ripe  follicles,  thrice  the  natural  size. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  a  follicle,  magnified,  showing  the  single  seed. 

10.  Seed,  more  magnified. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo. 


ranunculace.e.  47 

Plate  18. 
HYDRASTIS,  jL. 

Calyx  3-sepalus,  petaloideus,  caducissimvis.  Petala  nulla. 
Ovaria  plurima,  2-ovulata,  in  capitulum  congesta ;  fructu 
baccata  rubiformi.  —  Caulis  uniflorus,  e  rhizomate  flavo,  di  - 
triphyllus ;  foliis  palmatifidis. 

Hydrastis,  Linn.  Gen.  704.      DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  217.      Barton,  Veg.  Mat. 

Med.  2.  t.  26.    Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3019,  3232     Torr.  &  Gray, 

Fl.  l.p.  40.     Endl.  Gen.  4777. 
Wakneria,  Mill.  Ic.  2.  p.  190.  t.  285. 

Yellow  Puccoon.      Orange-root. 


Calyx  of  3  thin  and  membranaceous  ovate  sepals,  im- 
bricated in  aestivation,  greenish-white,  caducous  when  the 
flower  opens.  Petals  none.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogy- 
nous :  filaments  filiform,  somewhat  thickened  upwards  : 
anthers  innate,  or  slightly  extrorse ;  the  oblong  cells  sepa- 
rated by  a  thickish  connective,  opening  longitudinally.  Pis- 
tils 12  to  20,  capitate  and  sessile  on  the  short  receptacle  : 
ovary  ovate,  fleshy,  one-celled,  two-ovuled :  style  short  and 
thick  :  stigma  bilamellate,  terminal.  Ovules  at  first  collat- 
eral, borne  on  the  middle  of  the  ventral  suture,  ascending, 
between  anatropous  and  amphitropous. 

Fruit  consisting  of  the  baccate  matured  ovaries  densely 
capitate-imbricated  on  the  oblong  receptacle,  bright  crimson, 
and  resembling  a  raspberry.  Seeds  single  or  two  (one 
above  the  other)  in  each  carpel,  broadly  obovate,  turgid,  in- 
serted by  a  linear  hilum  ;  the  crustaceous  testa  smooth  and 
•shining.  Albumen  fleshy  and  oily.  Embryo  minute,  next 
the  micropyle :  radicle  inferior  (pointing  to  the  base  of  the 
fruit). 

Herb  with  a  thick,  knotty  rhizoma  (imbued  with  a  yel- 
low juice),  sending  up  in  early  spring  a  long-petiolcd  leaf 
and  a  simple  stem,  which  is  naked  below,  alternately  two- 


48  RANUNCULACE^E. 

(or  rarely  three-)  leaved  near  the  summit,  and  terminated  by 
a  greenish-white  flower.  Leaves  rounded-cordate,  becoming 
large  (4  to  10  inches  broad)  after  flowering,  and  somewhat 
resembling  those  of  the  Grape-vine,  palmately  5  -  7-cleft, 
toothed  and  doubly  serrate,  veiny ;  the  upper  near  the  flower 
and  sessile  ;  the  lower  petioled.    Petioles  dilated  at  the  base. 


Etymology  unexplained.  Possibly  from  vbap,  loater,  and  8pda>,  to  act  ; 
in  allusion  to  the  medicinal  properties  of  the  plant. 

Properties  much  like  those  of  Zanthorhiza.  The  bitter  rootstock  is  ton- 
ic, and  apparently  somewhat  narcotic.  Its  yellow  juice  was  used  by  the 
aborigines  for  dyeing. 

Geographical  Distribution.  The  single  species  is  a  native  of  the 
Northern  United  States  and  Canada,  in  damp  woods. 


PLATE  18.     Hydrastis  Canadensis,  Linn.;  —  natural  size,  in  flower; 
the  caducous  sepals  fallen.     (Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge.) 

1.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation  of  the  calyx. 

2.  A  fallen  sepal,  enlarged. 

3.  A  stamen,  magnified. 

4.  A  pistil,  magnified. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary  of  the  same. 

6.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

7.  Pistils  in  fruit ;  natural  size. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  the  same. 

9.  A  seed,  magnified.     (The  hilum  in  this,  as  also  in  the  next  figure,  is 

wrongly  representerJ.     It  is  not  so  salient,  but  is  linear  and  longer, 
and  extends  downward  nearly  to  the  smaller  end  of  the  seed.) 

10.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo. 

11.  Embryo  detached,  highly  magnified. 


ranunculacEjE.  49 

Plate   19. 
ACTiEA,   L. 

Calyx  3  -  5-sepalus,  petaloideus,  caducus.  Petala  seu 
staminodia  4-10,  plana,  integerrima,  spathulata.  Ovarium 
unicum,  baccatum,  polyspermum.  Semina  horizontalia.  — 
Folia  bi  -  tritematisecta.     Racemus  brevis. 

Act.s:a,  Linn.      Gaertn.  Fr.  t.  114.     Fisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Petrop.  1835. 

p.  20.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  35.     Endl.  Gen.  4799. 
Actjea,  Sect.  Christophoriana,  DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  384.  « 

Christophoriana,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  299,  t.  154. 

Banebcrry. 


Calyx  of  3  to  5  ovate  and  concave  petaloid  sepals,  imbri- 
cated in  aestivation,  regular,  caducous.  Petals  4  to  10, 
shorter  and  much  smaller  than  the  sepals,  flat,  spatulate  c* 
oblong,  more  or  less  unguiculate,  hypogynous.  Stamens 
indefinite,  hypogynous :  filaments  filiform :  anthers  in- 
nate, slightly  introrse,  the  oval  cells  separated  by  a  narrow 
comiective,  opening  longitudinally.  Pistil  single,  sessile  : 
ovary  ovoid-oblong,  grooved  at  the  ventral  suture,  one-cell- 
ed, many-ovnled :  stigma  sessile,  depressed-dilated,  some- 
what two-lobed.  Ovules  very  numerous,  horizontal,  in  two 
series,  occupying  the  whole  length  of  the  ventral  suture, 
anatropous  ;  the  raphes  collateral. 

Fruit  a  many-seeded  oval  berry,  usually  with  a  groove 
at  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds  very  numerous,  horizontal, 
flat  (depressed),  and  somewhat  semicircular,  closely  packed 
in  two  series,  filling  the  cell ;  the  thickish  and  coriaceous 
testa  smooth  and  even.  Embryo  minute,  next  the  hilum,  at 
the  base  of  the  fleshy  albumen,  cordate. 

Herbs,  with  perennial  matted  roots,  and  usually  tuberous 
and  knotty  rootstocks,  sending  up  in  spring  mostly  simple 
stems,  bearing  one  or  two  alternate  bi  -  triternately-com- 
pound  leaves,  and  an  oblong  or  ovoid  terminal  raceme  of 


50  RANUNCULACE/E. 

white  flowers.  Radical  leaves  similar  to  the  cauline,  but 
larger.  Petioles  dilated  at  the  base.  Leaflets  ovate,  acute, 
sharply  incised  and  toothed,  commonly  2  — 3-lobed.  Bracts 
minute.  Raceme  more  or  less  elongated  in  fruit ;  the  ber- 
ries bright  red,  purple,  or  white. 


Etymology.  'Aitre'a,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Elder;  transferred  by  Lin- 
naeus to  this  genus. 

Properties.  Nauseous  and  acrid-narcotic,  poisonous,  especially  in  a 
fresh  stale,  both  the  root  and  the  berries. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  few  species,  distributed  over 
the  cooler  portion  of  the  northern  temperate  zone,  chiefly  in  rich  woods. 


PLATE  19.      ActjEa    rubra,    Willd.  ;  —  summit  of  a  young  flowering 
plant,  the  leaf  as  yet  small,  and  a  fruiting  raceme  ;  natural  size. 

1.  Expanding  flower. 

2.  Expanded  flower. 

3.  A  sepal,  enlarged. 

4.  A  petal,  enlarged. 

5.  A  stamen,  enlarged. 

6.  The  pistil,  enlarged,  on  the  receptacle. 

7.  Same,  with  the  ovary  divided  vertically. 

8.  Transverse  section  of  the  same. 

9.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

10.  A  fruit,  of  the  size  of  nature. 

11.  Same,  divided  vertically. 

12.  Same,  divided  transversely,  and  down  the  back,  to  display  the  seeds. 

13.  A  seed,  enlarged,  with  the  upper  face  presented  to  the  eye. 

14.  Section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen. 

15.  Embryo,  more  magnified. 


ranunculace.e.  51 

Plate  20. 
CIMICIFUGA,  L. 

Calyx  4  -  5-sepalus,  petaloideus,  caducus.  Petala  sen  sta- 
minodia  1-8,  unguiculata,  biloba.  Ovaria  1-8.  Folliculi 
polyspermi ;  seminibus  horizontalibus  depressis,  aut  verticali- 
bus  compressis.  —  Folia  bi  -  triternatisecta.     Racemi  virgati. 

Subgen.  Macrotys.  —  Petala  tenuiter  unguiculata,  fere 
plana.  Stigma  sessile,  depressum.  Folliculi  solitarii,  rarius  2, 
sessiles,  ovoidei ;  seminibus  horizontalibus  depressis  Actaeae. 

Macrotys,  Raf.  in  Med.  Rep.  1.  c.  &  Desv.  Jour.  Bot.  (1808)  2.  p.  170. 
Botrophis,  Raf.  Med.  Fl.  1.  p.  85.    Fisch.  &  Mey.  Ind.  Petrop.  1835.  p.  20. 
Act.ea,  Sect.  Macrotys,  DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  383. 
Cimicifuga,  Sect.  Macrotys,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  36. 

Black  Snake-root.     Black  Cohosh. 

Subgen.  Cimicifuga  vera.  —  Petala  saspius  concava,  fundo. 
pi.  m.  nectarifera.  Folliculi  2-8,  stipitati,  compressi,  stylo 
tenui  apiculati  (stigmate  min'uto) ;  seminibus  verticalibus  la- 
teraliter  compressis,  testa  squamulis  membranaceis  echinata. 

Cimicifuga,  Linn.  Gen.  1282,  &  Amoen.  Acad.  7.  p.  193.  t.  4. 

Act.«a,  Sect.  Cimicifuga,  DC.  I.e. 

Cimicifuga  &  Actinospora,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  1.  c.     Endl.  Gen.  4801 -2. 

Btighane. 


Calyx  of  4  or  5  ovate  or  orbicular  and  concave  petaloid 
sepals,  imbricated  in  aestivation,  regular,  caducous.  Petals 
1  to  8,  small,  hypogynous,  unguiculate,  plane,  or  more  or 
less  concave  and  nectariferous  near  the  base,  usually  two- 
lobed  or  two-homed  at  the  apex,  sometimes  attenuated  or 
imperfectly  antheriferous,  and  evidently  appearing  as  trans- 
formed stamens.  Stamens  very  numerous,  hypogynous,  in 
many  series  on  the  oblong  receptacle :  filaments  filiform, 
elongated:  anthers  short,  innate  or  obscurely  introrse.  Pis- 
tils 1  to  2,  sessile  and  with  a  depressed  terminal  stigma  in 


52  RANUNCULACE^. 

*§>  Macrotys ;  or  subulate  with  the  acute  style,  which  is  mi- 
nutely stigmatose  unilaterally,  commonly  stipitate.  Ovules 
numerous,  horizontal,  in  two  series  on  the  whole  length  of 
the  ventral  suture,  anatropous ;  the  raphes  ventral. 

Follicles  in  ■§>  Macrotys  ovoid,  turgid,  sessile,  and  filled 
with  numerous  depressed- flattened  (horizontal)  smooth  seeds, 
as  in  Actaea ;  or  else  compressed  and  membranaceous,  with 
fewer  and  laterally  compressed  (vertical)  seeds ;  their  testa 
thickly  clothed  all  over  with  slender  squamulose  projections. 
Embryo  minute,  next  the  hilum,  at  the  base  of  firm  albumen. 

Herbs,  with  tall  stems  from  matted  and  knotty  rootstocks, 
ample  bi  -  triternate  leaves  much  as  in  Acteea,  and  virgate  ra- 
cemes, either  simple  or  panicled.  Flowers  white,  the  odor 
unpleasant. 

Etymology  and  Properties.  Name  from  cimex,  a  bug,  and  fugo,  to 
drive  away  ;  the  Siberian  species  being  employed  as  a  bug-bane.  The  sen- 
sible properties  are  much  as  in  Actasa,  but  with  more  bitterness.  The  Black 
Snake-root  is  a  famous  Indian  antidote  against  the  bite  of  venomous  snakes. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  few  species,  natives  of  the 
cooler  parts  of  the  northern  temperate  zone,  chiefly  in  Asia  and  N.  America. 

Note.  Macrotys  should  probably  rank  as  a  genus  ;  but  Actinospora  ap- 
pears not  to  be  distinguished  by  characters  of  equal  importance. 


PLATE  20.     Fig.   1-13.     Cimicifuga   (Macrotys)  racemosa,  Ell. ;  — 
a  lateral  raceme,  &c.     (Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge.) 

1.  A  flower-bud,  somewhat  enlarged. 

2.  An  outer,  and  3,  an  inner,  sepal,  enlarged  ;  inside  view. 

4.  A  petal  or  staminodium,  enlarged. 

5.  A  stamen,  enlarged,  inside  view ;  and  6,  an  outside  view  of  the  same. 

7.  Pistil  and  receptacle,  magnified. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  the  same. 

9.  An  ovule,  magnified,  the  upper  face  presented  to  the  eye. 

10.  A  portion  of  the  raceme  in  fruit ;  natural  size. 

11.  Transverse  and  vertical  section  of  a  pod,  showing  the  seeds. 

12.  A  seed,  magnified. 

13.  Section  of  the  same,  showing  the  minute  embryo. 

14.  Enlarged  flower  of  Cimicifuga  Americana,  Michx.  (from  the  Allegha- 

iiies)  ;  — most  of  the  stamens  and  the  petals  except  one  removed. 

15.  The  five  long-stalked  follicles  of  the  same  ;   natural  size. 

16.  A  dehiscent  follicle  and  seeds,  enlarged. 

17.  A  seed,  more  magnified. 

18.  Transverse  section  of  the  same. 

19.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  minute  embryo. 


Ord.    MAGNOLIACEiE. 

Arbores  vel  arbusculae  (acri-amaras  et  aromatica;)  simplici- 
folias,  dicotyledoneas,  hypogynas,  symmetricse,  polyandry  sen 
monadelphas ;  perianthio  concolori  plerumque  trimero  tri  - 
phiriserali,  cestivatione  imbricato,  mox  deciduo  ;  carpellis  dis- 
cretis  vel  in  syncarpium  imbricato-coadunatis  ;  seminibus  ex- 
arillatis  ;  embryone  in  basi  albuminis  homogenei  minimo. 

Magnolia,  Juss.  Gen.  p.  280. 

Magnoliace^:  &  Wintered,  R.  Br.  ex  DC.  Syst.  J.  p.  548. 

Magnoliaceje  &.  Schizandrace^:,  Blume,  Fl.  Jav.     F.ndl.     Lindl. 


The  Magnolia  Family,  which  comprises  some  of  our  most  ornamental 
trees,  belongs  almost  exclusively  to  the  eastern  side  of  both  continents,  and 
chiefly  to  the  warmer  portion  of  Eastern  North  America  and  to  the  corre- 
sponding part  of  Asia.  It  has  no  representatives  in  Europe  or  in  Africa, 
and  none  in  Western  North  America.  There  are  some  tropical  species,  on 
both  sides  of  the  equator  ;  and  two  genera  are  extratropical  in  the  southern 
hemisphere,  namely,  in  South  America  and  in  New  Zealand  and  Southern 
Australia  ;  but  one  of  them,  the  Drimys,  or  Winter's  Bark,  has  a  surpris- 
ingly extensive  range  ;  the  same  species,  according  to  Dr.  J.  D.  Hooker, 
extending  through  86  degrees  of  latitude,  from  near  the  southern  limit  of 
phaenogamous  vegetation  to  New  Grenada  and  even  to  Mexico  ! 

The  family,  enlarged  as  here  proposed,  so  as  to  include  the  Schizandreae 
as  well  as  Wintereae,  need  be  compared  only  with  the  order  Dilleniaeeae  of 
the  southern  hemisphere,  on  the  one  hand,  and  with  the  Anonaceas,  on  the 
other.  From  the  former  it  is  absolutely  distinguished  only  by  its  exarillate 
seeds,  but  generally  by  the  trimerous  floral  envelopes  and  caducous  calyx 
also.  From  the  latter  it  is  separated  by  the  solid  and  homogeneous  (not  ru- 
minated or  lamellar)  albumen,  and  by  the  imbricated  aestivation  of  the  corolla. 

An  aromatic  principle,  due  to  a  pungent  ethereal  oil  and  its  resin,  pervades 
the  family.  This  is  most  abundant  and  pure  in  the  Wintereas  ;  but  is  also 
manifest  in  Schizandra,  at  least  in  the  fruit  and  seeds,  and  not  less  so  in 
the  Magnolieae,  although  covered  by  a  bitter  principle.  It  is  likewise  indicat- 
ed by  the  minute  pellucid  dots  of  the  leaves,  or  at  least  of  the  petals,  &c.  ; 
and  by  the  "  glandular  dots  or  disks  "  on  the  woody  tissue,  which,  although 
comparatively  few  and  minute  in  Magnolia  and  Liriodendron,  are  beautifully 
marked  in  Schizandra,  —  quite  as  much  so,  indeed,  as  in  Illicium  and  Drimys. 


54  MAGNOLIACEjE. 

\\  hile  tlie  Winterese,  long  since  separated  by  Brown,  are  now  generally 
reunited  to  Magnoliaceee,  the  Schizandreae  of  Blume  have  been  admitted  al- 
most without  question  as  a  distinct  order,  and  have  even  been  arranged  by 
Lindley  in  a  different  alliance.  Yet  the  latter  are  at  least  as  nearly  related 
to  i  lir  Winterese  as  these  are  to  the  true  Magnolia  Family  ;  and  the  only 
absolute  character  which  distinguishes  them  (namely,  the  capitate  or  spiked, 
instead  of  simply  verticillate  or  single,  carpels)  is  one  in  which  they  accord 
with  Magnoliaceae  proper.  The  stamens  are  not  always  monadelphous  in 
Sehizandrea;,  nor  are  the  flowers  always  diclinous,  if  Hortonia  belongs  to  the 
group  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  one  of  the  four  Winteraceous  genera  is 
polygamous.  It  appears  evident,  therefore,  either  that  the  Wintereee  of 
Brown  should  be  extended  so  as  to  embrace  the  Scliizandreae,  and  be  ordi- 
nally  distinguished  by  the  total  absence  of  stipules,  or  else  that  the  whole 
should  be  united  in  one  family.  Remembering  that  a  few  Dilleniacea?  have 
stipules  like  those  of  Magnolia,  while  the  rest  are  exstipulate,  and  convinced 
that  the  sensible  properties  as  well  as  the  floral  characters  of  the  plants 
in  question  invite  the  union,  I  propose  to  adopt  the  latter  alternative,  and  to 
arrange  under  the  order  Magnoliaceae  these  three  suborders,  as  follows. 


Subord.  I.    WINTERED.    (Ord.  Wintered,  R.  Br.  1818.) 

Flowers  perfect,  or  sometimes  polygamo-dicecious.  Pistils  simply  verti- 
cillate, or  reduced  to  one.  Stamens  distinct.  —  Stipules  none.  Leaves  fre- 
quently verticillate-crowded  or  opposite,  sempervirent,  rarely  serrate.  Bark, 
seeds,  &c.,  pungent-aromatic.     (Ulicieae,  DC.  Prodr.  1825.) 

Illicium.     (Plate  21.)     Follicles  numerous,  stellate,  1-seeded. 

Subord.  II.  SCHIZANDRE^.  (Ord.  ScmzxNimvx,  Blume.) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Pistils  imbricated-spicate  or  capitate. 
Stamens  in  a  cluster,  monadelphous  or  distinct  (in  Schizandra  definite). — 
Stipules  none.  Leaves  entire  or  toothed.  Stems  often  sarmentose.  Muci- 
laginous, the  seeds  aromatic.  —  Spharostemma,  Kadsura,  and 

Schizandra.     (Plate  22.)     Stamens  5,  monadelphous  in  a  5-lobed  disk. 

Subord.   III.  MAGNOLIE.E,  DC,  Endl. 

Flowers  perfect,  large.  Pistils  imbricated-spicate  on  an  elongated  gyno- 
phore.  Stamens  distinct.  Seeds  in  the  dehiscent  species  baccate,  and  at 
length  hanging  by  an  extensile  cord  of  spiral  vessels.  Stipules  conspicu- 
ous, forming  the  teguments  of  the  bud,  successively  involving  the  condupli- 
cate  leaves  in  vernation,  deciduous  after  their  expansion,  leaving  annular- 
scars  on  the  terete  branches.      Bitter-aromatic. 

Magnolia.    (Plates  22,  23.)    Carpels  coriaceous-baccate,  adherent  to  the 
receptacle,  dehiscent  by  the  dorsal  suture.     Anthers  introrse. 

Liriodendron.     (Plate  24.)     Carpels  samaraeform,  indehiscent,  decidu- 
ous from  the  receptacle  at  maturity.     Anthers  extrorse. 


magnoliace.e,  wintered.  55 

Plate  21. 
ILLICIUM,  L. 

Flores  hermaphroditi.  Sepala  3  vel  6.  Pctala  9  -  30, 
tri  -  pluriseriata.  Stamina  indefinita  :  antherae  introrsum 
adnata?.  Folliculi  plurimi,  drupacei,  circa  columnam  brevis- 
simam  arete  verticillati,  stellato-patentes,  denique  bivalves, 
monospermi. — Arbuscnlas  sempervirentes,  Anisum  spirantes. 

Illiciom,  Linn.  Gen.  611.  Ellis,  in  Phil.  Trans.  60. p. 524.  Ga?rtn.  Fr. 
t.  69.  Lam.  111.  t.  493.  DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  440.  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Fl. 
Jap.  1.  p.  5.  t.  1.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  42.  Endl. 
Gen.  4743. 

Star-Anise. 


Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  of  3  or  6  petaloid  sepals,  im- 
bricated in  aestivation,  caducous.  Petals  9  to  30,  imbri- 
cated in  aestivation  in  3  or  several  series,  the  inner  succes- 
sively narrower,  hypogynous,  spreading,  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens indefinite  (12  to  40)  in  several  series,  hypogynous, 
spreading  :  filaments  short  and  fleshy  :  anthers  adnate,  in- 
trorse  ;  the  two  oblong  cells  contiguous  or  nearly  so,  opening 
longitudinally.  Pistils  6  to  18,  compressed,  crowded  in  a 
circle,  closely  sessile,  and  broadly  inserted  around  a  central 
short  and  conical  prolongation  of  the  receptacle  :  ovary  one- 
celled,  one-ovuled  :  style  subulate,  recurved,  stigmatose 
down  the  inner  edge.  Ovule  ascending  from  some  part  of 
the  ventral  suture,  anatropous,  the  raphe  ventral. 

Fruit  a  whorl  of  distinct  drupaceous  follicles,  stellately 
divaricate,  compressed,  woody-crustaceous  at  maturity,  when 
the  thin  sarcocarp  dries  up,  dehiscent  by  the  whole  length 
of  the  ventral  suture,  at  length  two-valved.  Seed  ascend- 
ing from  the  base  of  the  cell,  which  it  fills,  obovate,  com- 
pressed-lenticular, the  hilum  lunulate  ;  the  crustaceous  testa 
very  smooth  and  shining,  brittle  (loosely  adhering  to  the  ob- 
scurely sculptured  surface  of  the  spongy-membranaceous  in- 


56  MAGNOLIACE.-E,   WINTERED. 

ner  integument).     Embryo  very  minute,  at  the  base  of  the 
fleshy  and  oily,  homogeneous  albumen. 

Shrubs  or  low  trees,  entirely  glabrous,  spicy-aromatic  ;  the 
evergreen  leaves  alternate  or  irregularly  crowded  and  oppo- 
site, petioled,  oblong,  entire,  coriaceous,  minutely  pellucid- 
dotted  under  a  lens.  Stipules  entirely  absent.  Peduncles 
from  axillary  or  terminal  buds,  one-flowered.  Flower  dark 
red-purple  in  I.  Floridanum,  hi  the  others  yellowish. 


Etymology.  From  illicio,  to  entice;  —  perhaps  from  the  properties  of 
the  Anisette  de  Bordeaux,  which  is  flavored  by  the  fruit  of  the  Chinese  I.  ani- 
satura,  the  Star-Anise  of  the  shops. 

Properties.  Spicy-aromatic  and  carminative,  especially  the  bark,  leaves, 
and  fruit.  The  latter  yields  a  fragrant  oil  like  that  of  Anise,  for  which  it  is 
substituted.  The  foliage  of  the  Japanese  I.  religiosum  is  said  to  be  poison- 
ous; and  I.  parviflorum  has  the  same  reputation  in  Alabama  (where  it  is 
called  "  Poison  Bay"),  probably  without  good  reason. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Of  the  four  known  species,  two  are  na- 
tives of  China  and  Japan,  and  two  of  the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  Unit- 
ed States. 

Note.  The  buds  of  I.  religiosum,  according  to  the  figure  and  description 
by  Zuccarini,  are  perulate,  and  the  ovule  rises  from  the  very  base  of  the  cell. 
The  leaf-buds  of  I.  Floridanum  are  perfectly  naked,  green,  and  acute  ;  and 
the  ovule  is  attached  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell  above  the  base. 


PLATE  21.     Illicium   Floridanum,  Ellis;  —  a  flowering  branch,  natu- 
ral size  ;  from  a  plant  cultivated  in  the  Cambridge  Botanic  Garden. 
1.  A  sepal,  detached. 
2-6.  Petals  of  the  several  series,  beginning  with  the  exterior  and  broader. 

7.  A  stamen,  magnified,  viewed  from  within  or  above. 

8.  A  grain  of  pollen,  highly  magnified,  showing  a  triple  band. 

9.  Vertical  section  through  the  receptacle  and  whorl  of  the  pistils,  laying 

open  one  of  the  ovaries,  and  displaying  the  ovule  ;   enlarged. 

10.  The  mature  fruit ;  natural  size. 

11.  Seed,  of  the  natural  size. 

12.  The  same,  magnified,  with  the  testa  partly  broken  away,  to  show  the 

uneven  surface  of  the  inner  integument. 

13.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  through  the  albumen,  showing  the  minute 

embryo. 


MAGNOLIACEjE,  schizandre.e. 


Plate  22. 
SCHIZANDRA,  Michx. 

Flores   monoici,   saepius   pentameri !    nempe :     Sepala  5. 

Petala  5.     Stamina  5,  brevissima,  dilatata,  in  orbem  5-lobum 

monadelpha :    antheros   loculis  connectivum  latissimum  cu- 

neiforme  marginantibus  valde   sejunctis.     Carpella  plurima, 

2-ovulata,  imbricato-capitata :  fructifera  baccata,  supra  gyno- 

phorum  denique  elongatum  pedunculiforme  laxe  spicata.  — 

Frutex  sarmentosus,  foliis  deciduis. 

Schizandba,  Michx.  FI.2  p.  18.  t.  47.  Bot.  Mag.  1. 1413.  DC.  Syst. 
I.  p.  544.  Bart.  Fl.  N.Am.  l.t.  13.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am. 
1.  p.  46,  662.     Endl.  Gen.  4733. 


Flowers  monoecious;  the  floral  envelopes,  &c,  of  the 
sterile  and  fertile  flowers  alike.  Sepals  usually  5,  quincun- 
cially  imbricated  in  aestivation,  sometimes  6,  rotund-ovate, 
concave,  membranaceous  with  rather  scarious  margins,  some- 
what colored  (greenish-white,  above  sometimes  tinged  with 
red),  deciduous ;  the  two  exterior  smaller.  Petals  5,  quin- 
cuncially  imbricated  in  aestivation  (rarely  6,  when  they  are 
imbricated  in  two  series),  hypogynous,  oblong-obovate,  spread- 
ing, rather  fleshy,  abruptly  thickened  at  the  contracted  base, 
crimson,  copiously  sprinkled  with  pellucid  dots,  deciduous. 
Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals,  their  short  and 
broad  filaments  monadelphous,  so  as  to  form  a  circular  and 
flat  5-cleft  disk,  occupying  the  whole  centre  of  the  flower  : 
anthers  with  their  two  cells  adnate  to  the  margins  of  (he 
dilated-cuneiform  connective,  much  smaller  than  it,  thus 
widely  disjoined,  and  those  of  adjacent  anthers  brought  into 
contact,  but  not  at  all  connate,  neither  extrorse  nor  introrse, 
opening  longitudinally  (toward  the  cleft).  Fert.  Fl.  Pis- 
tils indefinite,  closely  imbricated-capitate  on  the  oblong 
receptacle,  distinct :    ovary   ovoid,   sessile,  one-celled,   two- 


58  MAGXOLIACE.E,    SCHIZANDKE.E. 

ovuled,  obliquely  narrowed  into  a  short  beak,  which  is  stig- 
matose  for  the  whole  length  down  the  inner  side.  Ovules 
collateral,  inserted  on  the  ventral  suture  above  the  base,  just 
opposite  the  lower  termination  of  the  decurrent  stigma,  glob- 
ular, nearly  amphitropous. 

Fruit  of  several  (6  to  12,  the  rest  abortive)  globular  bac- 
cate carpels,  loosely  spicate  on  the  much  elongated  gyno- 
phore,  1-2-seeded.  Seeds  superposed  when  both  ripen,  hori- 
zontal, reniform,  with  a  very  short  raphe  in  the  sinus;  the 
testa  crustaceous.  Albumen  fleshy  and  oily,  homogeneous. 
Embryo  minute,  next  the  hilum  :  cotyledons  very  short. 

Shrub  sarmentose  ;  with  ash-colored  bark  ;  the  leaves 
alternate,  ovate,  pointed,  long-petioled,  entire  or  sparingly 
denticulate,  the  teeth  glandular-tipped,  veiny,  thin  and  mem- 
branaceous, beautifully  punctate  with  pellucid  dots  under  a 
lens,  deciduous.  Stipules  none.  Buds  small,  scaly.  Pe- 
duncles filiform,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves  of 
the  branch  of  the  season,  naked,  one-flowered.  Flowers 
small  (half  an  inch  in  diameter),  crimson.  Berries  red ;  the 
fructiferous  receptacle  elongating  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length. 


Etymology.  From  <rxi£a,  to  cut,  and  di'fjp,  for  anlhtr ;  the  disk  formed 
of  the  united  stamens  being  cleft,  as  it  were,  between  the  anthers. 

Properties.     Mucilaginous,  the  fruit  and  seeds  rather  pungent-aromatic. 

Geographical  Distribution.    South  Carolina  to  Texas,  in  damp  woods. 

Note.  The  two  exterior  sepals  might  be  taken  for  bractlets,  and  then, 
when  there  is  a  sixth  petal,  the  floral  envelopes  would  be  trimerous :  but  the 
stamens  appear  to  be  uniformly  five. 


PLATE  22.     Schizandra  coccinea,  Michx. ;  —  portion  of  a  stem,  natural 
size,  with  both  kinds  of  flowers.     (Louisiana,  Dr.  Hair.) 

1 .  Diagram  of  a  staminate  flower. 

2.  A  sepal,  and  3,  a  petal,  enlarged  ;  inside  view. 

4.  The  disk  of  united  stamens,  enlarged. 

5.  One  of  the  stamens,  separated. 

6.  Head  of  pistils,  enlarged;  and  7,  vertical  section  of  the  same. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistil,  more  magnified,  showing  the  ovules,  &c. 
!).  Elongated  receptacle  and  carpels  in  fruit. 

10.  Section  of  one  of  the  baccate  carpels. 

11.  A  seed,  enlarged  ;  and  12,  a  section  of  the  same,  displaying  the  embryo. 
13.   Embryo,  detached,  and  more  magnified. 


MAGXOLIACEiE.  59 

Plate  23,  24. 
MAGNOLIA,  L. 

Sepala  3.  Petala  6  — 12.  Antherae  introrsum  adnatse. 
Carpella  indefinita,  imbricato-spicata,  2-ovulata ;  fructifera 
coriaceo-baccata,  in  gynophoro  elongato  persistentia,  sutura 
dorsali  dehiscentia. — Arbores  speciosas,  gemmis  stipularibus 
teretis;  stipulis  membranaceis,  vernatione  folia  conduplica- 
tiva  recta  invicem  claudentes. 

Magnolia,  Linn.  Gen.  690.  Gffirtn.  Fr.  t.  70.  Michx.  f.  Arb.  3.  t.  1-7. 
DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  4-19.  Torr  &  Gr.  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  42.  Zuccar. 
PI.  Nov.  (in  Act.  Acad.  Monac.)  fasr.  2.  p.  Go.  t.  3,  4.  Endl. 
Gen.  4737. 


Sepals  3,  colored  and  more  or  less  resembling  the  petals, 
spreading  or  reflexed,  early  deciduous.  Petals  6  to  12,  in 
two  to  four  series,  imbricated  in  aestivation  (disposed,  along 
with  the  sepals,  in  a  regular  spiral  |  order),  hypogynous,  con- 
cave, erect-converging,  or  a  little  spreading,  early  deciduous. 
Stamens  indefinite,  imbricated  in  many  series  upon  the 
stipitiform  base  of  the  prolonged  receptacle,  short,  cadu- 
cous :  filaments  proper  very  short,  continued  into  a  linear 
fleshy  connective  which  is  produced  beyond  the  anther 
into  a  blunt  point :  anther  adnate  to  its  inner  face  (in- 
trorse),  two-celled ;  the  cells  linear,  opening  longitudinally. 
Pistils  indefinite,  densely  imbricated  on  the  upper  part  of 
the  receptacle  (the  gynophore) :  ovaries  fleshy,  one-celled, 
pointed  with  a  short  recurved  style,  which  is  stigmatose  on 
the  inner  face.  Ovules  2,  collateral  (rarely  3),  borne  at  the 
inner  angle  of  the  cell,  horizontal,  anatropous  ;  the  broad 
raphes  face  to  face  :  primine  thick  and  fleshy;  the  secundine 
thinner. 

Fruit  (syncarpium)  in  the  form  of  a  fleshy  strobile  or 
cone  ;  the  more  or  less  coalescent  imbricated  carpels  becom- 
ing baccate,  and  the  endocarp  at  length  ligneo-coriaceous, 


1)0  MAUNOLIACEjE. 

firmly  persistent  on  the  elongated  receptacle,  at  length  de- 
hiscent down  the  back,  two-seeded.  Seeds  hanging  by  a 
delicate,  extensile  cord  of  unrolled  spiral  vessels  (contained 
in  the  short  and  fleshy  funiculus  and  placenta),  large,  glob- 
ular, drupaceous ;  the  fleshy  testa  very  thick  and  at  length 
pulpy  (scarlet  or  bright  red);  the  tegmen  bony-crustaceous, 
widely  grooved  on  the  inner  side  and  at  the  summit  (corre- 
sponding with  the  broad,  impressed  raphe  and  chalaza). 
Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  and  oily  homo- 
geneous albumen  ;  the  short  and  thick  radicle  next  the 
hilum :  cotyledons  short. 

Trees,  or  sometimes  shrubs,  with  very  showy  and  usu- 
ally large  blossoms  and  foliage  ;  the  leaves  entire,  or  merely 
auriculate  at  the  base,  feather-veined,  deciduous,  or  some- 
times persistent  through  the  winter,  when  thin  often  indis- 
tinctly pellucid-punctate,  alternate,  or  by  approximation  often 
appearing  as  if  whorled,  on  stout  petioles,  which,  separating 
by  a  distinct  articulation,  leave  broad  scars  on  the  otherwise 
smooth  and  terete  branches.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal, 
white  or  greenish-yellow,  rarely  purplish.  Buds  terete, 
acute  ;  their  integuments  formed  entirely  of  the  ample  mem- 
branaceous stipules  :  these  are  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  peti- 
ole, and  involute,  with  their  opposite  edges  united  ;  each 
pair  thus  inclosing  the  succeeding  conduplicate  leaf  with  the 
rest  of  the  bud  to  which  it  is  longitudinally  appressed,  de- 
ciduous as  the  leaves  sucessively  unfold,  leaving  their  scars 
upon  the  branch  in  the  form  of  narrow  rings.  Cone  of  fruit 
usually  red  or  rose-color  at  maturity. 


Etymology.  This  superb  genus  is  dedicated  to  Magnol,  Professor  of  Bot- 
any at  Montpellier  at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  who  first  indi- 
cated natural  families  in  botany.  —  The  name  was  originally  given  by  Plu- 
mier  to  a  West  Indian  tree  of  the  order,  the  type  of  the  genus  Talauraa, 
Juss.,  and  which  was  confounded  by  Linnaeus  with  the  allied  plants  which 
now  bear  the  name. 

Properties.  Bitter  and  slightly  aromatic,  with  some  acridity  ;  the  bark, 
especially  of  the  root,  and  also  the  cones  and  seeds,  have  been  employed 
as  a  stimulant  tonic.     The  flowers  of  some  species  are  highly  fragrant. 


MAGNOLIACE.E  61 

Geographical  Distribution.  Natives  of  Eastern  North  America,  and 
of  Eastern  Asia,  namely  of  Japan,  China,  and  Nepaul.  The  seven  species 
of  the  United  States  are  confined  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
and  to  the  country  eastward  and  southward  of  them,  crossing  the  Mississippi 
only  near  the  seaboard.  The  small  Magnolia  (M.  glauca)  occurs  along  the 
Atlantic  border  plentifully  as  far  north  as  New  Jersey,  and  is  also  found  on 
Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts,  lat.  424°;  while  the  Cucumber  Tree  (M.  acumi- 
nata), an  inland  species,  reaches  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  which 
is  the  northern  limit  of  the  genus  (a  little  above  lat.  43°).  The  splendid 
and  fragrant  M.  grandiflora,  belongs  exclusively  to  the  low  country  of 
the  Southern  States.  The  Umbrella  Tree  (M.  Umbrella),  which  extends 
northward  to  Pennsylvania,  and  the  allied  M.  Fraseri,  chiefly  belong  to 
moist  and  wooded  valleys  along  and  near  the  mountains ;  while  M.  cordata 
and  M.  macrophylla  very  sparingly  occur  in  the  middle  country  of  the  South- 
ern States.     There  are,  besides,  at  least  two  Mexican  species. 

Note.  Our  illustrations  clearly  demonstrate  that  the  baccate  exterior  in- 
tegument of  the  seed  is  formed  of  the  primine  of  the  ovule  ;  and  therefore  is 
not  an  arillus  ;  as  so  excellent  a  botanist  as  my  friend,  Professor  Zuccarini, 
has  endeavoured  to  maintain,*  and  as  is  assumed  by  Lindley,f  and  by 
Endlicher.J 


PLATE  23.  Magnolia  glauca,  Linn.; — a  branch  in  flower  of  the 
Northern  variety,  from  Gloucester,  Massachusetts  ;  of  the  natural 
size. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  (the  ninth  petal 

wanting,  as  is  not  uncommonly  the  case). 

2.  Vertical  section  through  the  whole  receptacle,  stamens,  and  pistils  ; 

enlarged. 

3.  A  stamen,  detached  and  magnified  ;  inside  view,  showing  the  introrsely 

adnate  anther. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  two  pistils,   magnified.     The  lower  exhibits  both 

ovules ;  their  raphes  face  to  face  :   in  the  upper  cell,  the  anterior 
ovule  has  been  cut  away. 

5.  An  ovule  seen  laterally,  more  magnified. 

6.  The  same,  with  the  raphe  towards  the  eye. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  through  the  raphe  ;   showing  some  of  its 

spiral  vessels,  the  true  position  of  the  chalaza,  the  thick  and  fleshy 
primine,  which  becomes  the  baccate  integument  of  the  seed,  &c. 


63-70. 

t    I'cgctablc  Kingdom,  417. 

f  At  least  in  Enchiridion  Botanicum,  p.  42",  128 


62  MAGNOLIACE^E. 

PLATE  24.     Magnolia  Umbrella,  Lam.    (Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge) 

1.  Cone  of  ripe  fruit,  of  the  natural  size ;  some  of  the  carpels  dehiscent ; 

one  of  the  seeds  hanging  by  its  cord  of  spiral  vessels. 

2.  Longitudinal  section  of  the  same. 

3.  A  detached  dehiscent  carpel  (the  exterior  fleshy  portion  dried  up). 

4.  Transverse  section  of  a  seed,  placed  with  the  raphe  towards  the  eye. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  passing,  as  in  fig.  4,  through  the  exte- 

rior baccate  integument,  the  less  thick  and  bony  inner  integument, 
and  the  albumen ;  showing  also  the  embryo  next  the  hilum. 

6.  Embryo,  much  magnified. 

7.  Summit  of  a  branch  terminated  by  a  bud,  in  autumn  ;  the  outermost 

pair  of  stipules  removed,  to  exhibit  one  of  the  longitudinally  folded 
leaves. 

8.  The  outer  pair  of  stipules,  detached  from  the  bud,  fig.  7. 

9.  Transverse  section  of  the  bud,  cutting  across  the  stipular  envelopes, 

the  conduplicate  leaves,  and  the  parts  of  the  flower  which  they 
surround. 


MAGNOLIACE.-E.  63 


Plate  25. 
LIRIODENDRON,  L. 

Sepala  3,  deflexa.  Petala  6,  campanulato-conniventia. 
Antherae  extrorsum  adnatas.  Carpella  indefinita,  2-ovulata, 
samarseformia,  stylis  plano-compressis,  in  strobilum  conico- 
cylindricum  dense  imbricata,  sicca,  indehiscentia,  denique 
ab  gynophoro  gracili  lignoso  persistente  decidua. — Arbor 
eximia  ;  foliis  sinuato-quadrilobis  truncatis,  vernatione  Mag- 
nolias, sed  recurvato-inversis  atque  gemma  complanata. 

Liriodexdron,  Linn.  Gen.  689.     Schkuhr,  Hnndb.  t.  147.     Oasrtn.  Fr. 

t.  178.     Bigel.  Med.  Bot.  t.  31.     Endl.  Gen.  4740. 
Tclipifeea,  Herm.  Hort.  Lugd.  p.  612.     Adans.  Fam.  2.  p.  365. 

Tulip-tree. 


Sepals  3,  colored  (greenish-white  or  yellowish),  imbricate 
in  aestivation,  reflexed,  early  deciduous.  Petals  6,  imbri- 
cated in  two  series  in  aestivation,  very  broad,  nearly  erect, 
so  as  to  form  a  somewhat  bell-shaped  corolla,  hypogynous, 
deciduous.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous  in  several  se- 
ries, nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  deciduous  :  filaments  fili- 
form :  anthers  elongated-linear,  adnate  to  the  outer  face  of 
the  connective  (c.drorse),  two-celled  ;  the  cells  contiguous, 
opening  longitudinally.  Pistils  very  numerous,  closely  im- 
bricated upon  the  prolonged  receptacle  (gynophore)  into  a 
fusiform  column  as  long  as  the  petals :  ovary  sessile  by  a 
broad  insertion,  one-celled,  two-ovuled  :  style  laterally 
winged  (or  flattened  anteriorly  and  posteriorly),  entirely  ap- 
pressed :  the  stigma  unilateral  at  its  summit,  cristate,  recurv- 
ed. Ovules  collateral,  pendulous  from  near  the  middle  of 
the  ventral  suture,  anatropous,  their  raphes  face  to  face. 

Fruit  a  fusiform  cone  or  strobile,  composed  of  the  closely 
imbricated  samaraeform  carpels,  which  at  maturity  fall  away 
from  the  elongated  and  bodkin-shaped  persistent  woody  axis  : 


64  MAGNOLIACEiE. 

these  are  dry  and  indehiscent,  lanceolate,  somewhat  ligne- 
ous, consisting  of  a  small,  laterally  compressed  pericarp, 
which  is  strongly  4-ribbed  ;  the  ventral  and  dorsal  ribs  form- 
ing the  axis,  and  the  lateral  ones  confluent  into  the  margins, 
of  the  large  and  wing-like  obcompressed  style.  Seeds  2,  or 
by  abortion  solitary,  pendulous  ;  the  thin  testa  dry  and  cori- 
aceous, marked  with  a  narrow  salient  raphe.  Albumen  fleshy. 
Embryo  minute,  next  the  hihun  ;  the  radicle  superior. 

A  Tree  of  large  size  and  elegant  aspect ;  with  the  smooth 
leaves  alternate,  long-petioled,  feather-veined,  deciduous,  an- 
gulate-four-lobed,  and  appearing  as  if  truncate  at  the  apex 
by  a  broad  and  shallow  notch.  Flowers  solitary  and  termi- 
nal, very  large  (greenish-yellow  marked  with  orange),  in  the 
bud  inclosed  by  the  last  pair  of  stipules  in  the  form  of  a  two- 
valved  caducous  spathe.  Vernation  as  in  Magnolia,  except 
that  the  oval  stipular  buds  are  compressed  and  very  obtuse, 
and  the  leaves  are  bent  down  on  the  petiole  so  that  their 
summits  are  brought  to  the  base  of  the  bud.  Stipules  nearly 
flat,  oblong,  obtuse,  free  from  the  petiole,  deciduous. 


Etymology.  Name  compounded  of  \ipiov,  a  lily  or  tulip,  and  hivhpov, 
tree ;  from  the  tulip-like  flowers. 

Properties.  Same  as  of  Magnolia;  but  the  bitter,  tonic  bark  is  less 
aromatic.  The  light,  fine-grained  wood  is  largely  used  by  cabinet-makers, 
&c,  under  the  name  of  White-tvood,  or  White  and  Yellow  Poplar. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Nearly  throughout  the  United  States 
proper,  in  rich  soil,  attaining  the  greatest  size  in  Ohio,  Kentucky,  &c. 


PLATE  25.     Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  Linn. ;  —  branch  in  flower ;  also 
with  an  unfolding  leaf-bud  :  natural  size. 

1 .  Diagram  of  the  aestivation  of  the  calyx  and  corolla. 

2.  Longitudinal  section  through  the  receptacle,  pistils,  &c. ;  natural  size. 

3.  A  detached  pistil,  natural  size. 

4.  Summit  of  the  same,  magnified  ;  showing  the  stigma. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary,  magnified  ;  showing  the  ovules. 

6.  7.  Ovules,  magnified. 

8.  Ripe  cone  of  fruit ;  natural  size  ;  the  lowest  carpels  fallen. 

9.  One  of  the  separated  carpels. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  the  pericarp,  through  one  of  the  seeds;  magnified. 


Ord.    ANONACEiE. 

Arbores  (subacri-aromaticas)  simplicifolia?,  exstipulatas,  fo- 
liis  alternis  integerrimis  penninerviis :  dicotyledoneas,  hypo- 
gynas,  regulares,  hermaphrodites,  polyandrae :  perianthio  tri- 
mero  triseriali,  nempe  ;  calyce  trisepalo,  corolla  hexapetala 
duplici  serie,  (vstivalione  valvata ;  carpellis  indefinitis,  raro 
paucis,  discretis  vel  in  syncarpium  confluentibus ;  embryone 
in  basi  albuminis  ruminati  minimo. 

Anone-i:,  Juss.  Gen.  p.  283.     Batsch,  Tab.  118. 

Anonace*:,  Dunal,  Monogr.     DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  4G3.     Blume,  Fl.  Jav.  fasc. 

7,  8.     Alpli.  DC.  Anon,  in  Mem.  Soc.  Genev.  5.  p.  177.     Endl. 

Gen.  p.  830.     Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  fasc.  2. 


The  Custard-Apple  Family  is  altogether  intertropical,  with  the  re- 
markable exception  of  the  North  American  Papaw,  which  extends  even  to 
the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Eric,  and  the  three  allied  species  indigenous  to 
the  Southern  Atlantic  Slates.  The  order  very  closely  accords  in  general 
structure,  as  well  as  in  the  ternary  triple  perianth,  with  Magnoliacese  ;  from 
which  the  valvate  aestivation  and  the  ruminated  albumen  essentially  distin- 
guish it.  The  sensible  qualities,  also,  are  much  the  same  ;  but  Anonacece 
have  usually  less  tonic,  and  more  acrid  and  nauseous  properties.  The  bruis- 
ed bark  and  foliage  of  our  Papaw-trees  exhale  a  heavy,  disagreeable  or  fetid 
odor  ;  as  is  likewise  said  to  be  the  case  with  the  tropical  plants  of  the  family 
which  yield  a  bland  esculent  fruit. 

The  presence  of  an  arillus  appears  to  have  been  first  noticed  in  the  order 
by  Prof.  Alphonse  De  Candolle,  who  proposed  to  consider  its  presence  as  a 
character  of  generic  value  ;  and  accordingly  employed  it  in  distinguishing 
his  Habzelia  from  Unona,  &c. ;  also  remarking  thai  this  organ  was  nol 
known  to  exist  in  any  Asiatic  Anonaceous  plant.*  Recently,  Von  Martius 
has  shown  that  Uvaria  Brasiliensis,  the  only  South  American  species  of 
u  hich  the  fruit  has  been  examined,  is  likew  ise  furnished  with  arillate  seeds.f 
Finally,  the  examination,  last  autumn,  of  fresh  fruits  of  Asimina  triloba,  en- 


"  Mem.  Jlnonac.  I.  c.  p.  8-  13,  A  c. 

I    Flora  Brasiliensis  :  .liwnur.  p.  39.  t.  13    f  2. 


66  ANONACE.E. 

abled  us  to  detect  a  thin  and  fleshy  arillus  which  completely  incloses  the 
ripe  seeds;  and  a  dried  fruit  of  A.  parviflora  exhibits  manifest  traces  of  a 
similar  integument. 

Our  Papaws,  therefore,  offer  an  exception  to  De  Candolle's  remark,  that 
those  Anonaeea:  winch  have  arillate  seeds  along  with  a  smooth  pericarp  are 
always  highly  aromatic. 

I  possess  no  means  for  determining  whether  the  Asiatic  original  species 
of  Uvaria  are  really  destitute  of  such  an  arillus,  which,  confounded  with 
the  surrounding  pulp,  might  have  escaped  detection  as  readily  in  these 
as  11  has  in  the  American  species.  But,  without  laying  stress  upon  the 
more  or  less  imbricated  aestivation  of  the  corolla  in  A.  triloba  and  A.  par- 
villora  (which  is  not  very  distinct  in  the  young  flower-bud,  and  is  likely  to 
occur  in  other  cases  where  the  petals  are  broadly  ovate  or  rounded*),  it 
appears  on  every  ground  probable  that  our  species  are  not  congeneric  with 
those  of  tropical  Asia,  and  therefore  that  the  genus  Asimina  should  be  re- 
stored. To  avoid  ambiguity,  I  have  drawn  its  character  entirely  from  our 
United  States  species,  and  principally  from  A.  triloba  and  A.  parviflora  (of 
which  alone  I  have  seen  the  fruit)  ;  leaving  it  for  future  investigation  to  de- 
termine whether  it  is  to  embrace  the  few  allied  South  American  species,  or 
whether  these  should  be  referred  to  Porcelia,  Ruiz  4-  Pav.,  with  which  they 
all  apparently  agree  in  having  their  inner  petals  larger  than  the  outer  ;  while 
in  ours  the  exterior  petals  are  much  larger  than  the  interior. 


The  popular  name  of  Papain  was  doubtless  given  to  the  fruit  of  Asimina 
triloba  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  appearance  or  taste  of  the  fruit  to 
the  true  Papaw  of  tropical  America  (the  fruit  of  Carka  Papaya).  Asiminier, 
from  which  Asimina  was  formed,  is  the  name  by  which  the  fruit  was  known 
among  the  old  French  colonists. 

*  As,  for  instance,  in  Uvaria  IN'arum,  Wight,  111.  hid.  But.  t.  5. 


ANONACEiE.  67 

Plate  26,  27. 

ASIMINA,  Adans. 

Petala  exteriora  patentia,  interioribus  majora.  Stamina 
innumera,  receptaculum  sphasroideum  pauci-pistilligerum  te- 
gentia.  Baccse  abortu  1-3,  subsessiles,  oblongae ;  oligo- 
pleiospermaj.  Semina  horizontalia,  depressa,  plerumque  bi- 
seriata,  arillo  membranacei-succoso  inclusa. 

Asimina,  Adans.  Fam.  2.  p.  365.  Dunal,  Anonac.  p.  81.  DC.  Syst.  I.  c. 
Annonj;  Sp.,  Catesb.  Car.  2.  t.  85.  Linn.  I.e.  Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  149. 
Orchidocarpum,  Michx.  Fl.  1.  p.  329. 

PorcelijE  Sp.,  Pers.  Syn.  2.  p.  95.     Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  2.  p.  383. 
Uvarle  Sp.,  Blume.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  44. 

Papaw.     (Asiminier.) 


Calyx  of  3  ovate  sepals,  much  smaller  than  the  corolla, 
valvate  in  aestivation,  deciduous.  Petals  6,  in  two  series, 
each  set  rather  imbricated  than  truly  valvate  in  asstivation 
(at  least  the  margins,  especially  of  the  exterior,  overlap  more 
or  less),  hypogynous  ;  the  three  exterior  widely  spreading  ; 
the  three  inner  (opposite  the  sepals)  much  smaller  and  nearly 
erect ;  all  rather  fleshy,  veiny  and  rugulose,  roundish,  ovate, 
or  obovate-oblong,  closely  sessile,  enlarging  considerably 
after  expansion,  deciduous.  Stamens  innumerable,  densely 
packed  together  and  covering  the  spheroidal  receptacle : 
filaments  extremely  short,  thick  :  anthers  extrorsely  ad- 
nate  to  the  fleshy  connective,  which  is  much  longer  than 
the  proper  filament,  and  is  terminated  by  a  broad  and  dilat- 
ed-truncate  glandular  tip ;  tbe  cells  oblong  or  linear,  sepa- 
rate, opening  longitudinally.  Pollen  of  spheroidal  grains 
lightly  united  in  fours.  Pistils  3  to  15,  sessile  on  the 
summit  of  the  receptacle,  protruding  from  the  centre  of  the 
globose  mass  of  stamens,  distinct :  ovary  one-celled  :  style 
short  or  none  :  stigma  unilateral  at  the  tip.  Ovules  4  to  20, 
horizontal  in  two  series  on  the  ventral  suture,  anatropous; 
the  raphes  towards  the  suture. 


68  ANONACE.-E. 

Fruit  baccate,  only  one  to  three  of  the  carpels  ripening, 
sessile  or  slightly  stipitate,  thick,  oval  or  oblong,  smooth  and 
even,  or  indistinctly  torulose.  Seeds  horizontal,  depressed, 
in  A.  triloba  occupying  two  regular  series  (4  to  9  in  each), 
in  A.  parviflora  also  several  and  more  or  less  biseriate  (in  A. 
pygmaea  and  A.  grandiflora  from  the  paucity  of  the  ovules 
undoubtedly  very  few  or  solitary),  at  maturity  entirely  in- 
closed in  a  pulpy-membranaceous  arillus !  nestling  in  the 
soft  flesh  of  the  fruit :  testa  crustaceo-coriaceous,  smooth  and 
even  :  inner  integument  rather  fleshy,  adhering  to  the  testa, 
its  numerous  folds  or  membranous  appendages  projecting 
transversely  into  the  corneous  albumen  nearly  to  the  axis, 
dividing  it  into  lamella;  (i.  e.  albumen  ruminated).  Embryo 
minute,  next  the  hilum,  to  which  the  cylindrical  radicle  is 
directed:   cotyledons  short. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  ;  with  alternate  and  entire  feather- 
veined  leaves,  conduplicate  in  vernation ;  and  solitary  (ver- 
nal) dingy-colored  flowers  from  separate  axillary  buds,  nod- 
ding, on  a  short  peduncle.  Stipules  none.  Bud-scales  mi- 
nute and  caducous.    Pubescence  rusty-color,  caducous. 


PLATE  2B.     Asimina  triloba,  Dunal ;  —  vernal  branch  in  flower;  nat- 
ural size.    (From  Ohio,  Sullivant,  and  Pennsylvania,  Prof.  Band.) 

1.  Diagram  of  the  floral  envelopes  (of  the  expanded  flower). 

2.  A  sepal ;  3,  an  outer,  and  4,  an  inner  petal,  natural  size. 

5.  A  stamen,  enlarged,  seen  from  within  ;  and  0,  from  the  outside. 

7.  Stamens  and  pistils  ;  the  calyx  and  corolla  only  removed. 

8.  Enlarged  vertical  section,  through  the  receptacle. 

9.  Transverse  section  of  a  magnified  ovary;   10,  a  vertical  section. 
11.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

PLATE  27.     The  fruit  and  seeds  (fresh  specimens  from  Prof.  Baird). 
1.  Peduncle  and  receptacle  bearing  3  ripe  carpels  ;  natural  size. 
•J.   Longitudinal  section  of  a  ripe  carpel. 

3.  Transverse  section,  showing  two  of  the  seeds  in  place  ;    one  of  them 

divided,  showing  the  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen  (the  lamel- 
la; of  which  plainly  extend  nearly  to  the  centre  in  the  dried  seeds). 

4.  Detached  seed,  enveloped  in  its  closed  pulpy  arillus. 

5.  Same,  with  the  arillus  cut  open  and  extended. 

6.  Embryo,  magnified. 


Ord.  menispermacej:. 

Sarmentosas  exstipulatas,  alternifolise  (foliis  palmatiner- 
viis) :  dicotyledoneae,  hypogynee  ;  floribus  parvulis  unisexua- 
libus ;  perianthio  concolori  plerumque  trimero  bi  -  octo-seriali, 
sestivatione  alternatim  imbricato ;  staminibus  oppositipetalis 
vel  subindefinitis  ;  carpellis  paucis  uniovulatis ;  fructu  dru- 
paceo  ;  embryone  majusculo  in  albumine  parco,  cum  semine 
fructuque  incurvato. 

Menisferma,  Juss.  Gen.  p.  284. 
Menispermoide.'e,  Vent.  Tabl.  3.  p.  78. 
Menisperme.£  verse,  DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  508.  excl.  §  1. 
Menispermace.s,  DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  95  (excl.  Trib.  1  &  3).     Endl.  Gen.  p. 
825.  excl.  Subord.  2. 


The  Moonseed  Family  is  a  small  group,  of  about  sixteen  recognized 
genera  and  two  hundred  species,  belonging  principally  to  the  intertropical 
regions  of  Asia  and  America.  There  are  only  three  species  known  in  the 
United  States,  or,  indeed,  in  all  extratropical  North  America;  and  these 
pertain  to  as  many  distinct  genera.  One  of  them  extends  northward  to 
Canada;  the  others  are  confined  to  the  warmer  part  of  the  country. 

They  are  all  climbing  or  twining  vines,  with  woody  stems,  at  least  at  the 
base  (although  our  Moonseed  dies  down  nearly  to  the  ground  at  the  north)  ; 
bearing  alternate,  palmately-veined  and  usually  lobed  or  angled,  often  pel- 
tate leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  destitute  of  stipules ;  and  with  small,  dioe- 
cious or  polygamous  flowers,  borne  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles.  Their 
commonly  trimerous  floral  envelopes,  of  more  than  two  series,  which  in  many 
cases  are  not  readily  distinguishable  into  calyx  and  corolla,  and  the  tendency 
towards  indefinite  stamens,  and  more  than  one  pistil,  are  characters  which 
show  the  near  alliance  of  Menispermacea;  with  the  foregoing  orders,  and 
especially  with  Anonaceae,  some  of  which  have  few  stamens  and  pistils  ; 
while  the  position  of  the  stamens  when  definite  before  the  petals,  with  the 
imbricated  pluriseriate  arrangement  of  the  floral  envelopes,  indicates  their 
affinity  with  Berberidaceaa.  They  are  at  once  distinguished  from  both  these 
families  by  their  habit,  unisexual  flowers,  and  especially  by  their  large  em- 
bryo in  sparing  albumen,  and  the  peculiar  incurvation  of  the  drupaceous 


70  MEMSPERMACE.E. 

fruit.  The  Estivation  of  the  corolla  is  not  valvate,  as  in  the  former,  nor  do 
the  anthers  open  by  valves,  as  in  the  latter  order. 

The  nature  of  the  change  in  form  which  the  ripening  ovary  undergoes 
was  indicated  by  Colebrooke,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Linnaan  Society, 
Vol.  13,  p.  51  ;  and,  subsequently,  by  Auguste  St.  Hilaire,  in  his  Flora 
Brasi/i  nsis  Meridionalis. 

The  structure  of  the  wood,  which  is  either  zoneless,  or  destitute  of  annual 
layers,  is  admirably  elucidated  by  Decaisne  {Mem.  Lardizab.  in  Archives  du 
Museum). 

JMenispermaceae  afford  both  bitter  tonic  and  narcotic  principles  ;  the  former 
principally  in  the  root,  of  which  the  officinal  Columbo-root  furnishes  the 
most  important  example :  the  latter  prevail  in  the  fruit ;  as  in  the  well- 
known  Cocculus-Indicus  berries  (the  fruit  of  Anamirta  Cocculus),  employed 
for  poisoning  fish  and  beer.  These  contain  two  venomous  principles,  name- 
ly, the  deadly  picrotoxine  in  the  seed,  and  menispcrmine  in  the  pericarp. 


Conspectus  of  the  United  States  Genera. 

Cocculus.  (Plate  28.)  Stamens  6,  distinct.  Sepals  and  petals  each  6. 
Ovaries  3-6.     Drupe  campylotropous  :  putamen  bony. 

Menispermum.  (Plate  29.)  Stamens  in  ster.  fl.  12  -  24,  distinct.  Se- 
pals 4-8.  Petals  6-8.  Ovaries  2-4.  Drupe  campylotropous : 
putamen  compressed,  round-reniform,  bony.  Embryo  slender,  hippo- 
crepiform  ;  the  linear-filiform  cotyledons  contiguous. 

Calycocarpum.  (Plate  30.)  Stamens  in  ster.  fl.  12,  distinct.  Sepals 
6,  consimilar.  Proper  petals  none.  Ovaries  3,  not  incurved  from 
the  apex  in  ripening.  Drupe  deeply  hollowed  on  the  inner  face,  the 
section  crescent-shaped.  Putamen  crustaceous.  Embryo  thin  and 
flat,  cordate-2-lobed  ;  the  broad  cotyledons  divergent. 


MEXISPERMACEjE. 


Plate  28. 


COCCULUS  (Pluk.),  DC. 

Calyx  1  —  3-bracteolatus,  6-sepalus.  Petala  6  (raro  nulla). 
Stamina  6,  discreta.  Drupse  campylotropas ;  putamine  osseo, 
reniformi,  annulari-arcuato,  vel  hippocrepico. 

Cocculus,  Pluk.  Slant,  p.  52.      DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  515  (excl.  spec.  &  syn. 

Bauh.)     Colebr.  in  Linn.  Trans.  13.  p.  57  (excl.  C.  crispo,  etc.). 

Wight  A.  Am.  Fl.  Pen.  Ind.  Or.  p.  11  (excl.  spec.)      Wight,  111. 

Ind.  Bot.  1.  t.  7. 
Abuta,  Barr.    Aubl.  Guian.  p. 618.  t.  250?  (ex  St.  Ilil.  Fl.  Bras  l.p.  47.) 
Chondodendron,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Prodr.  Fl.  Per.  &  Chil.  p.  132  (1794). 
Baumgartia,  Mrench,  Meth.  p.  650  (1794.  pi.  ster.) 
Akdrophvlax,  Wendl.  Hort.  Herr.  3.  t   10. 
Wendlandia,  Willd.  Spec.  2.  p.  275  (1799.  pi.  fert.)     Pursh,  Fl.  1.  p.  252. 


Flowers  dioecious  or  dioecio-polygamous.  Ster.  Fl.  Se- 
pals 6,  imbricated  in  aestivation  in  two  series  of  three  each, 
ovate  or  roundish,  petaloid,  at  least  the  inner  series,  1-3- 
hractcolate  externally,  deciduous.  Petals  6,  smaller  than 
the  calyx,  placed  three  of  them  opposite  the  outer  and  three 
opposite  the  inner  sepals,  thickish,  sessile,  ovate  or  obovate, 
more  or  less  cucullate  or  incurved  around  the  filaments,  de- 
ciduous. Stamens  6,  opposite  the  petals ;  the  filaments 
and  4-celled  anthers  as  in  Menispermum  (Plate  29).  Pis- 
tils none.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx,  corolla,  tfcc,  nearly  as  in 
the  sterile  plant.  Ster.  stamens  hypogynous,  with  more  or 
less  dilated  filaments,  bearing  abortive  anthers.  Pistils  3 
to  6,  sessile  in  a  whorl,  not  raised  on  a  gynophore :  ovary 
semiovate,  one-celled,  subulate  with  a  short  recurved  style 
which  is  narrowly  stigmatose  down  the  inner  edge.  Ovule 
amphitropous,  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  ventral  suture  ■ 
the  micropyle  superior. 

Drupes  (one  or  usually  2  to  5  ripening)  sessile,  baccate: 
the  putamen,  seed,  and  embryo,  in  our  species  (and  the 
more  nearly  allied  exotic  ones)  just  as  in  Menispermum. 


72  MENISPERMACE.E. 

Frutescent  or  woody  vines  ;  with  usually  twining  stems ; 
tlic  leaves  alternate,  petiolcd,  exstipulate,  palmately  3  —  7- 
veined,  rounded,  entire  Or  obscurely  lobcd.  Flowers  small, 
greenish-white  or  purplish,  in  axillary  or  supra-axillary  race- 
mose panicles.     Bracts  minute. 


Etymology.  From  the  Cocculus  Indicus  of  the  shops,  an  old  name  (form- 
ed from  coccum,  a  berry)  adopted  by  Bauhin.  But  the  plant  that  yield;-  the 
officinal  fruit  which  gave  its  name  to  the  genus,  as  now  received,  has  unfor- 
tunately been  excluded  from  it,  and  forms  the  genus  Anamirta. 

Observations.  The  essential  character  given  above  has  been  made  to 
conform  to  the  genus  as  received  by  Colebrooke.  The  English  description 
is  drawn  wholly  from  our  own  plant;  which  seems,  however,  to  be  truly 
congeneric  with  several  Indian  species,  as  it  probably  is  with  South  Ameri- 
can ones :  but  I  have  not  seen  the  illustration  of  Chondodendron  convolvula- 
ceum,  Pbpp.  It  is  a  pity  that  the  name  of  Cocculus  was  not  kept  for  the 
plant  yielding  the  officinal  fruit  so  called  ;  in  which  case,  one  of  the  names 
applied  to  American  species,  cited  above,  would  have  taken  due  precedence 
for  the  present  genus,  whither  it  were  found  to  embrace  the  bulk  of  those  of 
the  Old  World  or  not.  At  all  events,  it  will  doubtless  comprise  none  which 
present  the  character  "  cotyledones  distantes,"  assigned  by  Be  Candolle  ; 
although  apparently  it  should  include  C.  sepium,  Cokbr.,  with  foliaceous 
cotyledons,  as  well  as  C.  Plukenetii,  DC,  with  fleshy  and  semicyhndrical 
ones. 


PLATE  28.     Cocculus  Carolinus,  DC. ;  —  branch  of  the  sterile  plant, 
natural  size,  from  the  Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation  of  the  staminate  flower. 

2.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  An  outer  sepal,  and  4,  an  inner  sepal,  from  the  same. 
5.  A  petal,  and  6,  a  stamen,  from  the  same. 

7.  A  petal,  with  the  stamen,  enlarged  ;  anther  dehiscent. 

8.  Stamen,  enlarged;  the  anther  divided  transversely  before  dehiscence. 

9.  Pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

10.  A  pistil,  magnified  ;  the  ovary  divided  longitudinally. 

11.  Drupes  from  a  single  flower,  with  a  lobcd  leaf,  &c.  ;   natural  size. 

12.  Vertical  section  of  a  drupe  and  the  inclosed  seed  and  embryo  ;  enlarged. 

13.  Putamen  (the  sarcocarp  removed),  enlarged. 

14.  Seed  extracted,  enlarged. 

15.  Embryo  extracted,  enlarged  ;  showing  the  slender  cotyledons,  &c. 


MENISPERMACE.E.  73 


Plate  29. 
MENISPERMUM,    Tourn. 

Calyx  4-8-sepalus.  Petala  6-S.  Stamina  12-24,  dis- 
creta;  antheris  quadrilocellatis.  Stigmata  explanato-dilatata. 
Drupse  campylotropae  ;  putamine  compresso,  orbiculato-reni- 
formi,  osseo.  Embryo  in  albumine  putamini  conformi  gra- 
cilis, hippocrepicus  ;  cotyledonibus  contiguis  radiculaque  an- 
gnste  linearibus. 

Menispermum,  Tourn.  in  Mem.  Acad.  Par.  1705.  p.  237.  Linn.  (excl. 
sp.)  Lam.  111.  t.  824.  Mcench,  Meth.  p.  277.  Schkubr,  Handb. 
t.  337.    DC.  Syst.  1.  p.  539.    Torr.  &  Gr.  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  47. 

excl.  §  2. 

Moonsccd. 


Flowers  dioecious.  Ster.  Fl.  Sepals  5  to  S,  petaloid, 
thin  and  membranaceous,  imbricated  in  aestivation,  spatulate- 
oblong ;  the  two  exterior  narrower,  and  rather  to  be  counted 
as  bractlets  ;  all  early  deciduous.  Petals  6  to  8  (most  com- 
monly 7),  shorter  than  the  sepals,  somewhat  fleshy,  orbicu- 
lar-dilated from  a  short  claw,  cucullate-incurved,  deciduous. 
Stamens  12  to  24,  much  longer  than  the  petals  :  filaments 
filiform,  gradually  thickened  above  :  anthers  innate,  of  1 
globular  cells  before  dehiscence,  when  the  two  proper  didy- 
mous  cells  are  confluent  at  the  longitudinal  suture.  Pistils 
entirely  wanting.  Fert.  Fl.  Sepals  4  to  6,  broader  and 
shorter  than  in  the  sterile  flowers.  Petals  as  in  the  sterile, 
hypogynous,  with  about  as  many  abortive  stamens,  at  the 
base  of  the  thickish  cylindrical-oblong  gynophore.  Pistils 
2  to  4,  sessile  on  the  apex  of  tbe  gynophore,  distinct :  ovary 
seiniovate,  one-celled,  one-ovuled :  stigma  sessile,  thickened, 
fleshy,  dilated,  crenate-papillose,  recurved.  Ovule  borne  on 
the  middle  of  the  ventral  suture,  amphitropous,  oblong  ;  the 
micropyle  superior  (directed  to  the  apex  of  the  cell). 

Drupe  baccate  (one.  or  sometimes  two  or  three,  ripening 
t; 


7  I  MENISPERMACEjE. 

from  each  flower),  somewhat  stipitate,  globular,  excentric, 
marked  by  the  vestige  of  the  stigma  near  the  base ;  the  real 
apex  of  the  pericarp  being  incurved  or  bent  down  upon  itself 
during  growth,  like  a  campylotropous  seed :  the  bony  pu- 
tamen  accordingly  annular-reniform,  laterally  compressed, 
smooth  and  as  if  excavated  on  each  side,  longitudinally  two- 
grooved  and  transversely  rugose-tuberculate  round  the  cir- 
cumference. Seed  reniform,  conformed  to  the  cavity  of  the 
putamen :  testa  membranaceous.  Embryo  slender,  terete, 
curved  into  rather  more  than  a  semicircle,  or  nearly  in  the 
form  of  a  horseshoe,  occupying  the  axis  of  the  fleshy  albu- 
men, and  almost  of  equal  length  :  the  long  and  slender  radi- 
cle pointing  to  the  organic  apex  of  the  fruit  :  cotyledons 
very  slender,  incnmbently  contiguous. 

Suffruticose  vines  ;  the  zoncless  wood  with  few  and 
very  broad  medullary  rays.  Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate, 
rounded,  palmately  veined  and  angulate-lobed,  long-petioled, 
peltate  near  the  cordate  sinus.  Flowers  small,  white,  in 
small  panicles.      Peduncles  more  or  less  supra-axillary. 


Etymology.     From  iir/vt),  the  moon,  and  cjnr'pjua ,  seed. 

Properties.    The  fruit  is  probably  noxious,  and  the  root  tonic-demulcent. 

Geographical  Distribution!,  &c.  The  original  species  is  common 
throughout  the  United  States  and  Southern  Canada ;  and  the  second,  which 
very  closely  resembles  ours,  is  Siberian.  My  specimens  of  the  latter  are  not 
apetalous  (as  is  said  in  Torr.  4   Gray,  Flora  N.  Amer.  I.  c). 


PLATE  29.      Menispermum   Canadense,   Linn.;  —  flowering  branch   of 
the  sterile  plant  ;  natural  size. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation  of  the  floral  envelopes. 

2.  Staminate  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  A  sepal ;  4,  a  petal,  and  5,  a  stamen,  enlarged. 

6.  Transverse  section  of  an  anther,  enlarged. 

7.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged. 

8.  Pistils,  more  magnified;  with  2  sterile  stamen 

9.  Vertical  section  of  a  pistil,  magnified. 

10.  A  drupe,  and  receptacle  ;  natural  size. 

1 1 .  Same,  enlarged  ;  upper  part  of  the  sarcocarp  cut  away. 

12.  Putamen  ;  the  upper  part  removed,  showing  two  sections  of  the  embryo. 

13.  Vertical  section  of  the  drupe  and  seed  :  embryo  seen  in  place. 

14.  Seed  detached  ;   15,  embryo,  detached  ;  —  all  the  latter  magnified. 


MENISPERMACE.E  75 


Plate  30. 
CALYCOCARPUM,  Nutt. 

Sepala  6.  Petala  nulla.  Stamina  12,  discreta :  antherae 
biloculares  introrsum  adnata?.  Ovaria  3  :  stigma  umbilica- 
tum,  radiato-multifidum.  Drupa  ovoidea,  stigmate  terminali 
notata :  putamen  lasve,  tenui-crustaceum,  ventre  profunde 
excavatum  cymbiforme.  Embryo  lamellseformis,  in  albu- 
mine  tenui  leviter  incurvus  :  cotyledonibus  foliaceis  per  mar- 
gines  ad  medium  connatis,  deinde  divergentibus,  late  cordi- 
formis ;  radicula  brevissima  supera. 

Calycocarpcm  (Sect.  Memspermi),  Nutt.  in  Torr   £  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am. 
1.  p.  48. 


Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  minutely  one-bracteolate  at  the 
base,  of  6  equal  and  similar  petaloid  oblong-obovate  sepals, 
in  two  series,  imbricated  in  aestivation,  spreading,  deciduous. 
Petals  wanting.  Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  12,  distinct,  occu- 
pying the  centre  of  the  flower :  filaments  slender,  slightly 
flattened  and  dilated  upwards  :  anthers  introrsely  adnate, 
strictly  two-celled,  the  oval  cells  opening  longitudinally 
down  the  inner  face.  Fert.  Fl.  Abortive  stamens  6, 
short,  with  small  and  imperfect  anthers.  Pistils  3,  sessile, 
one-ovuled :  ovary  fusiform,  straight,  terminated  by  an  um- 
bilicate  and  radiately  laciniate  dilated  stigma.     Ovule  .  .  . 

Drupe  oval,  tipped  by  the  vestige  of  the  terminal  stigma ; 
the  sarcocarp  thin:  putamen  smooth,  crustaceous,  broadly 
convex  on  the  back,  very  deeply  and  broadly  excavated  on 
the  ventral  face,  so  as  to  become  cup-shaped  or  boat-shaped 
(the  transverse  section  between  crescent-shaped  and  horse- 
shoe form,  the  vertical  section  also  crescent-shaped),  lightly 
marked  by  dorsal  and  ventral  sutures,  which  incline  to  open, 
and  by  which  it  may  readily  be  separated  into  2  hall-carpels ; 
the  continuous  cell  very  wide  and  shallow.     Seed  pendu- 


76  MENISPERMACEjE. 

lous  from  the  upper  part  of  the  ventral  suture,  conformed  to 
the  cell,  cymbiform ;  the  hilum  a  little  below  the  micropyle. 
Embryo  in  the  axis  and  about  two  thirds  the  length  of  the 
fleshy  albumen,  which  it  almost  separates  into  two  thin 
plates,  very  thin  and  foliaceous,  concave  so  as  to  conform  to 
the  shape  of  the  albumen,  slightly  pointed  at  the  radicular 
apex,  which  is  also  flat,  divergently  two-lobed  at  the  other 
extremity,  thus  heart-shaped.  Its  peculiar  form  is  evidently 
due  to  the  lateral  junction  by  their  contiguous  edges  of  the 
cotyledons,  which  were  laterally  separated  like  those  of  Ana- 
mirta  Cocculus. 

Vine  woody,  climbing  or  twining  :  with  alternate  and  ex- 
stipulate  palmately-veined  and  3  —  5-lobed  membranaceous 
leaves  (the  lobes  acuminate,  sometimes  wavy-toothed),  cor- 
date  at  the  base,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  small,  greenish- 
white,  in  racemose  panicles:  peduncles  supra-axillary,  slender. 


Etymology.  From  xdXuJ,  a  hush,  or  covering,  or  fluwer-cvp,  and  Kapiros, 
fruit ;  a  name  evidently  meant  to  designate  the  cup-shaped  she]]  of  the  fruit. 

Geographical  Distribution.  The  single  known  species  belongs  to  the 
Southern  States  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 

Note.  A  genus  manifestly  allied  to  Anamirta,  and  also  to  Cocculus 
crispus.  DC,  judging  from  the  analyses  given  by  Colebrooke. 


PLATE  30.      Calycocarpum  Lyoni  ; — leaf,   panicle,   &c,  of  a  sterile 
plant  (from  Texas,  Mr.  Charles  Wright)  ;  natural  size. 

1.  A  staminate  flower,  enlai 

2.  Bracteole  ;  and  3,  a  sepal,  enlarged. 

4.  A  stamen,  enlarged  ;  inside  view. 

5.  A  pistillate  flower,  enlarged.     (Herb.  Torrey;  as  also  the  following.) 

6.  A  pistil,  more  magnified. 

7.  Drupe,  natural  size  ;  and  8,  same,  divided  transversely. 

9.  The  putamen  ;  the  excavated  inner  face  turned  to  the  eye. 

10.  Section  of  the  same  through  the  sutures,  cutting  the  seed  and  embryo. 

11.  A  transverse  section  of  the  putamen  a  little  below  the  middle,  passing 

through  the  two  cotyledons  lying  separately  in  the  thin  albumen. 

12.  Embryo,  of  the  natural  size,  spread  out  nearly  flat. 


Ord.    BERBERIDACEJl. 

Frutices  ligno  flavo,  vel  herba?,  foliis  plerumque  eomposi- 
tis  alternis :  dicotyledonese,  hypogynas,  polypetalee,  herma- 
phroditas,  symmetrica? ;  sepalis  petalisque  trimeris,  aut  2-4- 
meris,  tripli  —  multiplici  serie  asstivatione  alternatim  imbri- 
catis ;  staminibus  oppositipetalis  ;  antherae  loculis  valvula 
sursum  revoluta  dehiscentibus  ;  ovario  unico  monocarpellari 
pauci-multiovulato ;  fructu  baccato,  rarius  capsulari ;  em- 
bryone  in  albumine  carnoso  vel  corneo. 

Berberides,  Juss.  Gen.  p.  286. 

Berbf.ride.c,  Vent.     R   Br.in  Tuckey,  Voy.  p.  411.     Endl.  Gen.  p.  851. 
Berberiues;  &  Podophyli,ace.ze,    Trib.  1,  DC.  Syst.  &  Prodr.  1.  c. 
Berberace*  &  Podophvlleje,  Lindl.  Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2. 
BekberidacejE,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  49. 


The  Barberky  Family,  well  marked  as  it  is  by  the  imbricative  arrange- 
ment of  the  floral  envelopes,  and  the  stamens  in  a  ternary,  or  sometimes  bi- 
nary or  quaternary  order  in  two  series  of  each  set,  so  that  the  petals  taken 
together  stand  opposite  as  many  sepals,  and  the  stamens  likewise  opposite 
these,  —  and  also  by  the  valvular  dehiscence  of  the  anthers,  and  the  single 
pistil,  —  yet  presents  the  following  exceptions,  in  plants  which,  nevertheless, 
certainly  belong  to  this  order.  1.  The  anther-cells  open  by  a  longitudinal 
line  in  Nandina,  and  also  in  Podophyllum.  2.  In  Podophyllum  peltatum 
(but  not  in  P.  hexandrum)  the  stamens  are  twice  the  number  of  the  petals. 
3.  In  Achlys  the  stamens  are  indefinite,  the  ovule  solitary,  and  the  floral 
envelopes  altogether  wanting  (just  as  in  Trochodendron,  Zucc,  among 
Magnoliaceas  Wintereae).  4.  In  Jeffersonia,  the  sepals  (4  or  5  in  number) 
form  a  single  series,  and  are  fewer  than  the  petals. 

The  position  of  the  petals  and  definite  stamens  in  Menispermacese  is,  of 
course,  to  be  explained  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  Barberry  Family  ;  and 
this  arrangement  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  different  case  of  Vitaceas, 
&c,  where  a  single  series  of  stamens  is  opposed  to  a  simple  whorl  of  petals.* 

"  The  difference  has  been  pointed  nui  by  .Vlr.  de  Jussieu,  Cours    Elem    />'«' 
■  386,  794 


78  BERBERIDACEJE. 

The  close  alliance  of  the  Berberidaces  to  the  preceding  orders  is  admitted 
by  all  botanists,  perhaps,  except  Dr.  Lindley,  who  has  at  length  proposed  a 
widely  different  arrangement,  which  is  evidently  based  upon  peculiar  grounds, 
by  no  means  compatible  w-ith  ordinary  views  of  botanical  affinity.* 

The  family  consists  of  about  12  genera,  all  of  few  or  single  species,  ex- 
cepting Berberis  itself,  distributed  over  the  northern  temperate  zone,  chiefly 
in  the  cooler  parts,  and  extending  southward  along  mountain  ranges  only. 
In  America  the  genus  Berberis  is  also  represented  at  the  southern  extremity 
of  the  continent.  The  berries  are  usually  acid  and  edible  or  harmless  ;  the 
foliage  is  often  acid  ;  the  bark  and  roots  of  the  woody  species  are  astringent, 
and  the  roots  of  one  or  two  are  drastic. 

The  compact  wood  of  Berberis  trifoliolata  exhibits  very  broad  medullary 
rays,  much  wider,  towards  the  circumference  of  old  stems,  than  the  woody 
wedges  themselves,  which  fork  sparingly,  after  the  manner  of  some  Aristo- 
lochias.  The  annual  layers  are  indistinct.  Young  stems  of  Nandina  exhibit 
a  similar  structure. 


Conspectus  of  the  United  States  Genera. 

*  Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 
■*-  Shrubs.     Embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  albumen  :  cotyledons  foliaceous. 
Berberis.     (Plate  31.)      Stamens   and  petals  6.      Stigma   umbilicate. 
Berry  one-  few-seeded.  —  Leaves  or  leaflets  spinulose-toothed. 
h — i- Herbs.     Embryo  small  or  minute  :  cotyledons  thick. 
Leontice  $  Caulophvllum.     (Plate  32.)     Stamens  and  petals  6.    Ovary 
2-ovuled,  bursting  and  evanescent  after  fertilization.     Seeds  drupa- 
ceous. —  Leaves  3-ternate. 
Diphylleia.     (Plate  33.)     Stamens  and  petals  6.     Berry  few-seeded. — 
Flowers  cymose.   Cauline  leaves  2,  peltate,  deeply  2-cleft,  7  -  9-lobed. 
Jeffersonia.     (Plate  34.)     Stamens  and  petals  8.     Pod  opening  trans- 
versely half  round,  many-seeded.      Seeds  with  a  lateral  arillus.  — 
Scape  naked,  1-flowered.     Leaves  2-parted. 

*  *  Anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 
Podophyllum.     (Plates  35,  36.)     Petals  6-9:  the  stamens  twice  their 
number  (in  Amer.  species).    Berry  large,  many-seeded.     Seeds  on  a 
very  thick  lateral  placenta,  inclosed  in  a  pulpy  arillus.  —  Flower  sol- 
itary, in  the  fork  of  the  two  peltate  palmately-lobed  leaves. 
Croomia.     (Plate  37.)     Genus  of  doubtful  affinity. 

"  Veg.  Kingd.  p.  432-445.  —  In  his  Berberal  alliance,  Dr.  Lindley  com- 
bines, as  the  nearest  allies  of  BerbcridiLcew,  the  DroseracetB,  Fumariticete,  Vita- 
cur,  Cyrillacea,  Ac.  He  excludes,  however,  frum  the  Barberry  Family  the  ge- 
nus Podophyltums  "  which  some  botanists  fency  should  stand  here  ";  —  a  fancy 
which  originated  with  Mr.  Brown,  ami  which  does  not  appear  extraordinary 
when  that  genus  (and  especially  its  hexandrous  species)  is  compared  with  Jef- 
fersonia and  Diphylleia. 


berberidace.e.  79 

Plate  81. 
BERBERIS,    L. 

Calyx  6-sepalus,  extus  3-2-bracteolatus.  Petala  6,  con- 
cava,  intus  pi.  m.  biglandulosa.  Stamina  6.  Stigma  pelta- 
tum,  umbilicatum.  Bacca  oligospermia,  seminibus  erectis. 
Embryo  magnus,  cotyledonibus  subfoliaceis  ellipticis.  —  Fru- 
tices,  foliolis  saepe  spinulosis ;  floribus  racemosis. 

Berberis,  Bauliin.     Linn.  Gen.  442.     Ga-rtn.  Fr.  t.42.     Hook.  Fl.  Bor.- 

Am.  I .  p.  28.     Torr.  &  Gray,  FI.  1.  p.  49.     Endl.  Gen.  4814. 
Berberis  &  Mahosia,  Nutt.  Gen.  1.  p.  210.     DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  18. 
Odostewon,  Raf  in  Amer.  Month.  Mag.  1819.  p.  192. 

Barberry. 


Calyx  calyculate  with  3  or  sometimes  2  close-pressed 
bractlets  :  proper  sepals  6,  in  two  series,  alternatively  im- 
bricated in  aestivation,  orbicular  or  obovate,  concave-spread- 
ing, more  or  less  petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  6,  opposite 
the  6  sepals,  imbricated  in  aestivation  in  two  series,  hypogy- 
nous,  obovate,  concave-connivent,  unguiculate  or  sessile, 
marked  with  two  thickened  glands,  or  more  or  less  conspicu- 
ous glandular  spots,  at  the  base  of  the  lamina  inside,  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  opposite  the  petals  and  short- 
er than  they :  filaments  thick,  articulated  with  the  recep- 
tacle, spreading  under  the  petals  in  the  expanded  flower, 
starting  forward  towards  the  pistil  with  a  sudden  jerk  when 
touched  with  a  point  next  the  base  on  the  inner  side  (thus 
projecting  the  pollen  upon  the  stigma):  anthers  two-celled; 
the  cells  somewhat  extrorsely  adnate  to  the  thick  connec- 
tive, nearly  the  whole  face  separating  as  a  valve  which  is 
lightly  hinged  at  the  apex.  Ovary  ovoid,  one-celled,  mark- 
ed with  a  projecting  placental  line  inside  (toward  the  axis) : 
style  short  and  thick  or  none:  stigma  orbicular  and  peltate, 
umbilicate,  entire.  Ovules  2  to  9,  erect  from  the  base  ol 
the  placental  line,  towards  which  (he  raphes  are  all  turned 


80  BERBERIDACE.-E. 

Berry  oblong  or  globular.  Seeds  1  to  9,  erect,  oblong, 
with  a  crustaceous  testa  and  a  narrow  raphe.  Embryo  in  the 
axis  and  occupying  nearly  the  whole  length  of  corneous- 
fleshy  albumen,  straight  or  nearly  so  :  radicle  slender,  infe- 
rior :  cotyledons  elliptical,  fiat  and  nearly  foliaceous,  parallel 
with  the  raphe,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  radicle  in  length. 

Shrubs,  with  yellow  wood  and  inner  bark,  deciduous  or 
persistent  1  -  many-lbliolate  alternate  leaves ;  their  petioles 
dilated  at  the  base.  Stipules  adnale,  commonly  minute, 
caducous.  Leaflets  articulated,  veiny,  usually  spinulose- 
toothed  or  ciliate-serrate.     Flowers  yellow,  racemose. 


Etymology.     From  the  Arabic  name  of  the  berries  of  the  Barberry. 
Properties.     These  well-known  berries  are  pleasantly  acid  and  astrin- 
gent.    The  yellow  bark  and  wood  furnishes  a  dye,  and  is  astringent,  and 
seems  also,  with  the  root,  to  contain  a  principle  (berberine)  which  is  cathartic. 
Division.     To  the  two  recognized  subgenera,  I  may  here  add  a  third. 
§  1.   Bereeris  proper. — Filaments  usually  inappendiculate.      Primary 
leaves  mostly  converted  into  triple,  quintuple,  or  simple  prickly  spines ; 
the  secondary  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  these,  unifoliolate  (articulated 
above  the  scale-like  base  which  represents  the  real  petiole),  subsessile. 

§2.  Trilicina. — Filaments  inappendiculate.  Unarmed:  leaves  all  evo- 
lute,  digitately  3-foliolate :  leaflets  sessile  on  the  apex  of  the  common 
petiole.     (B.  trifoliolata,  Moric.) 

§3.  Mahonia,  Nutl.  —  Filaments  appendiculate  with  two  salient  teeth 
at  the  apex.     Unarmed  :  leaves  all  evolute,  pinnately  5  -  17-foliolate. 


PLATE  31.     Bereeris  Canadensis,  Pursh;  —  part  of  flowering  stem, 
natural  size,  from  the  Cambridge  Botanic  Garden. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower  (the  upper  side  belongs  next  the  axis). 

2.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  An  outer  sepal;  4,  an  inner  sepal,  enlarged. 

5.  A  petal,  enlarged  ;   inside  view. 

6,  7.  Stamens,  enlarged  ;  the  latter  with  the  anther  dehiscent. 
8.  Ovary  transversely,  and  9,  vertically  divided,  magnified. 

10.  Berries,  from  a  wild  specimen.     (Mountains  of  North  Carolina.) 

11.  Vertical  section  of  a  berry,  enlarged. 

12.  Magnified  section  of  the  seed  and  embryo. 

13.  Magnified  embryo,  turned  flatwise,  to  show  the  broad  cotyledons. 


berberidace.f.  81 

Plate  32. 
LEONTICE,  L. 

Calyx  6-sepalus,  petaloideus,  interdum  bracteolis  calycula- 
tus.  Petala  6,  nectariformia,  dilatato-cucullata,  sepalis  multo 
minora.  Stamina  6.  Ovarium  e  basi  2  —  4-ovulatum.  Pe- 
ricarpium  tenui-membranaceum  inflatum,  indebiscens,  vel,  — 

Subgen.  Caulophyllum,  grossificatione  seminum  longe 
ante  matnritatem  ruptum,  evanescens.  Semina  itaque  nuda, 
drupacea.  —  Folium  triternatum. 

Leontices  Sp.,  Linn.  R.  Br.  in  Linn.  Trans.  12.  p.  143.  t.  7.  DC.  Syst. 
2.  p.  23.  Decaisne  in  Nouv.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2.  t.  12.  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  52.     Endl.  Gen.  4810. 

Caulophyllum,  Michx.  Fl.  1.  p.  204.  t.  21.     Nutt.  Gen.  1.  p.  210. 

Blue  Cohosh.     Pappoosc-root. 


Calyx  calyculate  with  3  close-pressed  bractlets :  sepals  6, 
consimilar,  imbricated  in  aestivation  in  two  separate  series, 
petaloid,  ovate-oblong,  flat,  widely  spreading  or  revolute, 
early  deciduous.  Petals  6,  hypogynous,  one  at  the  base 
of  each  sepal  and  very  much  shorter  than  it,  fleshy  and 
gland-like,  viscid,  unguiculate,  cuneiform-dilated,  the  very 
broad  and  rounded  summit  involute,  deciduous.  Stamens 
6,  hypogynous,  opposite  the  petals  and  rather  shorter  than 
they:  anthers  rather  shorter  than  the  filaments:  the  two 
oblong  cells  somewhat  extrorsely  adnate  to  the  thickish  con- 
nective ;  the  greater  part  of  the  face  separating  in  dehiscence 
as  an  uplifted  valve.  Ovary  ovoid-oblong,  one-celled,  taper- 
ing into  a  subulate  oblique  style,  which  is  minutely  stigma- 
tose  from  the  apex  down  the  inner  side.  Ovules  2.  collat- 
eral, erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell,  raised  and  as  if  articu- 
lated on  short  fleshy  funiculi,  anatropous. 

Pericarp  very  thin,  raptured  soon  after  the  floral  envel- 
opes fall  by  the   pressure   of  the   growing   seeds,   and    then 


82  BERBERIDACE.E. 

shrivelling  away.  Seeds  (one  or  both  maturing)  therefore 
naked,  stipitate  on  their  thickened  funiculi,  spherical,  large, 
with  a  fleshy  at  length  baccate  testa,  appearing  like  drupes ! 
Albumen  corneous,  deeply  umbilicate  at  the  hilum,  its  verti- 
cal section  deeply  reniform.  Embryo  minute,  partly  received 
into  a  sort  of  cup  formed  by  the  folding  of  the  tegmen  in  the 
axis  of  the  umbilicate  basal  depression,  cylindrical :  radicle 
short,  inferior,  about  the  length  of  the  thick  cotyledons. 

Herbaceous  ;  the  fleshy  rootstock  sending  up  in  early 
spring  a  simple  and  naked  stem,  bearing  near  the  summit  a 
triternately  compound  leaf  destitute  of  a  common  petiole,  and 
often  a  smaller  and  similar  leaf  at  the  very  base  of  the  ter- 
minal raceme  or  panicle.  Leaflets  2-5-cleft  at  the  apex, 
glaucous,  as  also  the  blue  drupaceous  seeds. 

(Characters  from  the  North  American  species  only.) 


Etymology,  &c.  Leontice  is  a  name  abbreviated  by  Linnaeus  from  the 
Leontopetalum  of  Tournefort.  Caulophylluin,  which  may  very  probably  re- 
sume its  generic  rank,  is  formed  of  Kavhos,  stem,  and  tfiCWov,  leaf;  the  stem 
seeming  to  form  a  stalk  for  the  single,  large  and  compound  leaf. 

Properties-  The  root  is  an  "  Indian  medicine,"  but  its  real  qualities 
are  unsettled.  The  albumen  of  the  seed  has  been  proposed  as  a  substitute 
for  coffee. 


PLATE  32.  Leontice  (Caulophyllum)  thalictroides,  Linn.;  —  sum- 
mit of  stem,  natural  size  when  coming  into  flower.  (Botanic  Gar- 
den, Cambridge  ;    May  :  from  Western  Xew  York.) 

1.  Back  view  of  a  flower-bud,  showing  the  3  bractlets  (sepals  of  authors). 

2.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation,  &c. 

3.  Enlarged  flower,  seen  from  above. 

4.  A  bractlet ;  5  and  6,  sepals,  enlarged. 

7.   Enlarged  petal,  from  the  outside  ;  8,  inside  view  of  the  same. 

■J,   10.  Magnified  stamens,  seen  from  the  outside. 
11,   12.   Same,  s  sen  from  the  inner  side. 
13.   Pistil,  enlai  gi   \ 

1-1,   15.  Same,  transversely  and  vertically  divided. 
Hi.   Pistil,  a  week  after  the  floral  envelopes  have  fallen,  enlarged. 
IT,   18.  Same,  still  later ;  the  pericarp  ruptured  by  the  growing  seeds. 

19.  The  two  full-grown  seeds  on  their  funiculi  ;  natural  size. 

20.  Vertical  section  of  one  of  them. 

21.  Embryo,  detached,  and  highly  magnified. 


berberidace^e.  s3 

Plate  33. 
DIPHYLLEIA,  Michx. 

Sepala  6,  caducissima.    Petala  6,  ovalia,  plana.    Stamina  6. 

Bacca  gibbosa,  basin  versus  2-4-sperma.    Embryo  majuscu- 

la.  —  Caulis   alternating   diphyllus  ;    foliis   maximis,   peltatis, 

bifidis,  ambitu  lobatis.     Cyma  terminalis. 

Difhylleia,  Michx.  Fl.  1.  p.  203.  t.  19,  20.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1666.  DC. 
Syst.  2.  p.  39.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  52.  Enrll.  Gen. 
4808.     Gray,  in  Sill.  Jour.  42.  p.  23. 


Calyx  of  6  thin  and  membranaceous  roundish-oval  sepals, 
imbricated  in  two  series  in  aestivation,  caducous  when  the 
corolla  opens.  Petals  6,  alternatively  imbricated  in  aestiva- 
tion, hypogynous,  consimilar,  larger  than  the  sepals,  round- 
ish-obovate,  sessile,  not  glandular,  plane,  spreading,  early 
deciduous.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  opposite  the  sepals, 
shorter  than  they:  anthers  oblong,  longer  than  the  terete 
filament ;  the  cells  somewhat  extrorsely  adnate  to  the  con- 
nective, their  face  (except  an  inner  margin)  separating  in 
dehiscence  as  an  uplifted  valve.  Ovary  oblong-ovoid,  one- 
celled,  nearly  straight :  style  very  short :  stigma  terminal, 
circular,  depressed,  slightly  grooved  across  the  middle. 
Ovules  5  or  6,  borne  in  two  series  near  the  base  of  the  pla- 
cental line  which  marks  the  inner  side  of  the  cell,  ascend- 
ing, globular,  anatropous. 

Berry  globular,  somewhat  gibbous,  apiculate  with  the 
nearly  sessile  stigma,  unilaterally  2 -  4-seeded ;  the  flesh  thin. 
Seeds  2  to  4,  ascending  from  near  the  base  of  the  cell  on 
the  ventral  side,  oblong,  gibbous,  slightly  curved  ;  the  testa 
fleshy-coriaceous.  Albumen  fleshy,  or  corneous  when  dried. 
Emrryo  in  the  axis  of  the  albumen,  extending  from  the  base 
nearly  to  the  middle,  slightly  curved  to  correspond  with  the 
curvature  of  the  seed:  radicle  inferior,  slender ;  the  coty- 
ledons nearly  of  its  length,  oblong,  pretty  thin,  parallel  with 
the  raphe. 


84  BERBERIDACE^E. 

Herb  of  striking  appearance,  with  much  the  habit  of  Po- 
dophyllum :  the  thickened  and  creeping  rhizoma  formed  of 
distinct  annual  increments,  sending  up  a  stout  alternately 
two-leaved  flowering  stem  (terminated  by  a  cyme  of  white 
blossoms),  which  separates  at  the  base  in  autumn  by  a 
marked  articulation,  leaving  a  broad  excavated  scar,  in  the 
manner  of  the  rootstocks  of  a  Solomon's  Seal.  Leaves  very 
large  (1  to  2  feet  broad  when  full  grown),  thin,  palmately 
veined,  reticulated,  of  dilated  reniform  or  orbicular  circum- 
scription, deeply  two-cleft,  and  the  margins  cut-lobed  and 
toothed ;  the  cauline  excentrically,  the  radical  centrally,  pel- 
tate on  long  and  stout  petioles.     Berries  blue,  glaucous. 


Etymology.     From  Sir,  twice,  or  double,  and  divXkov,  leaf. 

Properties.     Unknown:  probably  much  like  those  of  Podophyllum. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Restricted  to  shaded  springy  places,  or 
the  margin  of  mountain  brooks,  in  rich  and  deep  alluvial  soil,  along  the  Al- 
leghanies  from  Virginia  to  Georgia.  It  (lowers  in  May,  while  the  leaves 
are  yet  but  half  grown. 


PLATE  33.     Diphylleia  cvmosa,  Michx. ;  —  flowering  stem  and  rhizo- 
ma, from  plants  cultivated  in  the  Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge,  and 
dried  specimens,  from  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina :    lower 
leaf  cut  away,  the  upper  thrown  back  and  reduced  in  size. 
1.  A  magnified  stamen,  with  the  anther  dehiscent ;  outside  view. 
•2.  A  similar  stamen,  seen  from  the  inner  side. 

3.  A  magnified  pistil. 

4.  A  vertical  section  of  the  same,  .showing  the  ovules. 

5.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

6.  Transverse  section  of  the  ovary  made  towards  the  base. 

7.  A  berry  ;  and  8,  a  vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  seeds, 
it.   A  seed,  magnified  ;  lateral  view. 

10.   Vertical  section  of  the  same,  displaying  the  embryo,  &c. 


RKKRERIDACE/K. 


Plate  34. 
JEFFERSONIA,  Bart. 

Sepala  4,  caduca.  Petala  8,  plana.  Stamina  S.  Capsula 
coriacea,  obovata,  polysperma,  snb  apice  rima  horizontali 
operculatim  dehiscens.  Semina  pluriseriata,  arillo  laterali 
laciniato. — Scapus  uniflorus  niidns.  Folia  radicalia,  bipar- 
tita,  segmentis  semicordatis. 

Jeffersonia,  Barton,  in  Trans.  Amor.  Pliil.  Soc.  3.  p.  334.  Michx.  Fl. 
1.  p.  23C.  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  34.  End!.  Gen.  4807.  Torr.  &  Gray, 
FI.N.  Am.  1.  p.  53. 

Twin-leaf. 


Calyx  of  4  (sometimes  3  or  5)  linear-oblong  petaloid 
sepals,  imbricated  in  aestivation  in  a  single  series,  caducous. 
Petals  8,  imbricated  in  estivation  in  two  series,  hypo- 
gynous,  oblong,  sessile,  plane,  spreading,  early  deciduous. 
Stamens  8,  hypogynous,  one  before  each  petal :  anthers 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  filiform  filaments,  scarcely  if  at  all 
extrorse ;  nearly  the  whole  face  of  each  cell  separating  as  an 
uplifted  valve.  Ovary  ovoid,  slightly  stipitate,  one-celled, 
marked  by  a  horizontal  line  around  the  back  above  the  mid- 
dle, tapering  at  the  summit  into  a  short  style  :  the  stigma 
terminal,  somewhat  dilated  and  two-lobed.  Ovules  indefi- 
nite, borne  in  several  rows  on  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the 
broad  ventral  suture,  somewhat  ascending,  anatropous. 

Fruit  a  coriaceous  obovate  pod,  transversely  dehiscent 
half-way  round  on  the  back,  near  the  summit,  by  a  revolute 
persistent  lid,  forming  a  broad  lunate  chink.  Seeds  numer- 
ous in  several  series  on  the  broad  placenta,  somewhat  as- 
cending, arillate;  the  arillus  unilateral  at  the  base  of  the 
raphe,  fleshy,  laciniate  :  testa  coriaceous.  Embryo  minute 
at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  albumen  :  cotyledons  short:  radi- 
cle next  the  hilum. 

Herb  low,  with  matted  fibrous  roots,  sending  up,  in  early 


86  BERBERI  DACEjE. 

spring,  a  tuft  of  two-parted  peltately-veined  radical  leaves, 
on  long  petioles,  and  naked  scapes  terminated  by  a  single 
white  flower. 


Etymology.     Dedicated  by  Professor  Barton  to  Thomas  Jefferson. 

Properties.  The  plant  has  a  popular  reputation  in  Ohio,  under  the 
name  of  Rheumatism-root,  as  a  stimulant,  diaphoretic,  &e.  (Riddell,  Synop- 
sis.)    The  seeds  have  an  acrid  taste,  which  is  very  persistent. 

Geographical  Distribution.  The  single  species  inhabits  rich  and  cool 
woods,  from  Northern  New  York  southward  through  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, and  in  the  Western  States. 


PLATE  34.      Jeffersonia    diphylla,    Pers. ; —  natural   size   in   flower. 
(Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge.) 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower. 

2.  A  stamen,  magnified. 

3.  A  stamen,  more  enlarged  ;  the  valves  of  the  anther  opening. 

4.  Same  ;  the  anther  divided  transversely  before  dehiscence ;  then  4-celled. 

5.  Pistil,  magnified  ;  dorsal  view. 

6.  Same,  seen  from  the  inner  or  placental  side. 

7.  Same,  transversely  divided,  showing  the  4-ranked  ovules. 

8.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

9.  A  growing  seed,  with  the  arillus  just  appearing  ;  enlarged. 

10.  The  mature,  dehiscent  pod  ;  natural  size. 

11.  Same,  with  the  seeds  removed,  and  the  back  cut  away  to  show  the 

placenta. 

12.  A  seed,  with  its  arillus,  magnified. 

ID.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  minute  embryo  at  the  base 
of  the  albumen. 


berberidace.e.  87 

Plate  35,  36. 
PODOPHYLLUM,  L. 

Sepala  6,  caducissima.  PetalaG-9.  Stamina  petalis  nu- 
mero  aequalia  vel  dupla  ;  antheris  longitudinaliter  dehiscen- 
tibus.  Bacca  polysperma  ;  seminibus  in  arillo  pulposo  nidu- 
lantibus. — Caulis  apice  uniflorus,  diphyllus  ;  foliis  peltatis 
5-9-fidis. 

Podophyllum,  Linn.  Gen.  643.    DC.  Syst.  2.  t.  233.     Bigel.  Veg.  Mat. 
Med.  t.  35.     Jacquem.  Voy.  t.  9.     Endl.  Gen.  4806. 

May-Apple.     Mandrake. 


Calyx  (calyculate  by  3  green  bractlets  which  are  cadu- 
cous before  anthesis)  formed  of  6  very  thin  and  membrana- 
ceous obovate  sepals,  imbricated  in  two  series  in  asstivation, 
caducous  from  the  bud  without  expanding.  Petals  6  or  9, 
in  two  or  three  series,  alternatively  imbricated  and  slightly 
crumpled  in  aestivation,  hypogynous,  dilated-obovate,  large, 
spreading,  deciduous.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and 
opposite  them  in  the  Himalayan  species,  twice  as  many  in 
the  North  American,  hypogynous  :  filaments  very  short  : 
anthers  oblong-linear,  adnate ;  the  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally by  a  single  extrorse  line,  as  it  were  by  a  laterally 
hinged  valve.  Ovary  ovoid,  sessile,  one-celled,  crowned  by  a 
large  and  thick  peltate  and  undulate-crested  stigma.  Ovules 
very  numerous,  covering  the  broad  ventral  placenta  which 
occupies  the  whole  length  of  the  cell,  crowded  in  about  5 
rows,  horizontal,  nearly  amphitropous. 

Fruit  a  large  ovate  fleshy  berry ;  the  cell  filled  by  the 
lateral  placenta  and  the  mass  of  pulpy  arilli  developed 
from  its  whole  surface,  inclosing  the  indefinite  obovate 
seeds.     Embryo  small,  at   the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs,  with  thick  fibrous  roots  from  creeping  rootstocks, 
which  send  up  in  spring  sterile  stalks  terminated  by  a  single 
orbicular  centrally  peltate  leaf,  or  two-leaved   stems  termi- 


88  BERBERIDACF.vE. 

runted  by  a  single  large  (white)  flower,  nodding  on  a  short 
peduncle.  Cauline  leaves  excentrically  peltate,  palmately 
5  —  9-ribbed  and  deeply  cleft :  the  lobes  incised  and  toothed. 


Etymology.  Name  formed  of  7ro0s ,  a  foot,  and  <f)v\\ov,  leaf;  from  a 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  the  feet  of  a  web-footed  bird. 

Properties.  The  mawkish  fruit  of  the  May-Apple  is  edible,  and  is  said 
by  Dr.  Griffith  to  resemble  that  of  Passiflora  edulis  in  taste  as  well  as  in  ap- 
pearance :  the  herbage  is  poisonous  :   the  root  is  a  drastic  cathartic. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Our  species  (from  which  the  above  de- 
tailed character  is  drawn)  is  indigenous  nearly  throughout  the  United  States  : 
and  there  is  another  (P.  hexandrum)  in  the  mountains  of  Nepaul. 

Note.  The  arillus  was  detected  by  Prof.  Torrey  several  years  ago,  and 
is  noticed  in  his  elaborate  Flora  of  the  Slate  of  New  York,  1.  p.  35.  The 
floral  envelopes  are  first  correctly  described  in  my  Ma/ma!  of  the  Botany  of 
the  Northern  States,  in  the  Errata,  p.  4.  A  singular  discrepancy  in  respect 
to  the  size  and  shape  of  the  embryo  is  shown  on  the  annexed  plate.  As  the 
fruit  does  not  ripen  in  Eastern  New  England,  we  have  been  unable  to  mul- 
tiply observations  upon  this  point. 


PLATE  35.     Podophyllum  peltatum,  Linn.;  —  one  leaf  cut  away. 

1.  Early  flower-bud,  the  green  bractlets  expanded ;  natural  size. 

2.  Flower-bud  just  before  expansion,  after  the  bractlets  have  fallen  ;  the 

sepals  separating  from  the  base. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  whole  floral  envelopes  in  the  bud  :   the  three  outermost 

lines  represent  the  bractlets ;  the  six  inner  and  wavy  ones,  the  petals. 

4.  5,  6.  Stamens  enlarged  ;  the  latter  with  the  anther  dehiscent. 

7.  Cross-section  of  the  last. 

8.  Pistil,  enlarged. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  through  the  placenta. 

10.   Same,  with  the  back  cut  away ;  and  1 1,  cross-section  in  the  same  position. 
10.   An  ovule,  magnified. 
PLATE  36.     Fruit  with  dissections  ;  natural  size. 

1.  Ripe  fruit :  2,  a  transverse  section  ;  and  3,  a  vertical  section. 

4.  The  pericarp  cut  away,  showing  the  surface  of  the  arillate  mass. 

5.  Same,  with  the  arilli  and  placenta  transversely  divided. 

6.  Magnified  arillus  divided,  to  show  the  included  seed. 

7.  Magnified  seed,  taken  from  a  New  Jersey  specimen. 

8.  Same,  divided,  showing  the  minute  embryo. 

9.  This  cordate  embryo  detached  and  more  magnified. 

10,   11.  Magnified  seed  and  its  section,  from  Philadelphian  specimens. 
12.  This  much  larger  and  longer  embryo  detached,  and  more  magnified. 


berberidace.'e.  s9 

Plate  37. 
CROOMIA,   Torr. 

Petala  4,  persistentia.  Petala  nulla.  Stamina  4,  antheris 
introrsis  longitudinaliter  dehiscentibus.  Ovarium  3-6-ovu- 
latum ;  ovulis  apice  placentas  unilateralis  e  summo  loculo 
pendulis.  Pericarpium  coriaceum  demum  bivalve.  Semina 
1-2,  arillo  criniformi  obtecta.  Embryo  minimus.  —  Herba 
gracilis;  foliis  tcnuibus,  cordato-oblongis,  integerrimis,  5  —  9- 
costatis,  in  apice  caulis  approximatis ;  pedunculis  2  — 3-floris. 

Croomia,  Torr.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  (Suppl.)  p.  663. 


Calyx  of  4  broadly  oval  and  nearly  herbaceous  sepals, 
imbricated  in  two  series  in  sestivation  (two  exterior  and  two 
interior),  persistent.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4,  hypogy- 
nous,  one  opposite  each  sepal  :  filaments  stout  :  anthers 
shorter  than  the  filament,  obliquely  introrse,  fixed  by  the 
middle,  the  oval  or  oblong  cells  opening  by  a  longitudinal 
line  down  the  inner  side.  Ovary  ovate-globose,  one-celled, 
tipped  with  a  depressed  and  entire  sessile  stigma.  Ovules 
3  to  6,  attached  to  the  apex  of  a  filiform  placenta  which  is 
adherent  to  one  side  of  the  cell  for  the  whole  length,  thus 
suspended,  anatropous. 

Fruit  globose-ovate,  apiculate ;  the  dry  pericarp  coria- 
ceous, tardily  two-valved  from  the  apex ;  the  valves  parallel 
with  the  inner  sepals.  Seeds  mostly  2,  suspended  each  by 
a  short  filiform  funiculus,  globose-oval,  marked  with  a  slen- 
der raphe  terminating  in  a  broad  apical  chalaza,  covered,  ex- 
cept the  chalazal  end,  with  a  wig-shaped  arillus  composed  of 
copious  slender  and  fleshy  threads.  Embrjo  next  the  hiluin 
in  fleshy  albumen,  minute,  globose-ovoid,  obscurely  two- 
lobed  (if  we  mistake  not)  at  the  cotyledonar  extremity. 

Herb  low  and  slender,  from  a  horizontal  creeping  rhizo- 
ma.      Stem  simple,   provided   with   two  or  three   alternate 
7 


90  bekbeuidaci:-!: 

sheaths  at  the  base,  then  naked  to  the  summit  where  it  bears 
4  to  6  alternate  and  approximate  or  irregularly  fascicled 
leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and  filiform  peduncles  in  their 
axils.  Leaves  thin  and  membranaceous,  cordate  at  the  base, 
ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  entire,  5  -  9-ribbed,  the  ribs  con- 
verging to  the  apex,  and  connected  by  copious  transverse  re- 
ticulated veinlets,  as  in  Smilax  or  Dioscorea.  Flowers  2  to 
3,  very  small,  greenish-white  or  tinged  with  purple.  Pedi- 
cels subtended  by  small  alternate  bracts,  slender,  articulated 
above  the  middle ;  the  summit  becoming  thickened  in  fruit. 


Etymology.  The  genus  consists  of  a  single  species,  dedicated  by  Pro- 
fessor Torrey  to  the  memory  of  his  friend,  the  late  Hardy  B.  (''room,  Esq., 
the  discoverer,  who  was  also  the  author  of  a  Monograph  of  Sarraceniu ,  and 
of  other  botanical  papers. 

Geographical  Distribution.  The  plant  grows  in  woods  in  Middle 
Florida,  where  it  has  been  gathered  by  Dr.  Chapman,  as  well  as  by  the  la- 
mented botanist  whose  name  and  services  to  science  it  commemorates.  Mr. 
Buckley  has  also  detected  it  in  Alabama. 

Note.  For  our  knowledge  of  the  ripe  fruit,  discovered  since  the  first 
volume  of  the  Flora  of  North  America  was  published,  we  are  indebted  to 
Dr.  Chapman  and  Mr.  Buckley.  Our  analyses  are  taken  partly  from  sketch- 
es made  by  Dr.  Torrey,  and  kindly  furnished  for  our  use.  We  discovered 
the  minute  embryo  in  a  single  seed  only,  and  are  not  certain  whether  it  is 
dicotyledonous  or  not.  In  either  case,  the  affinity  of  the  genus  remains  ob- 
scure. 


PLATE  37.     Croomia  pauciflora,   Torr. ; — from  a  small  specimen. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower. 

2.  A  flower,  just  expanding,  enlarged. 

3.  A  flower,  taken  at  a  later  period.     (From  a  sketch  by  Dr,  Torrey.) 

4.  5.   Stamens,  taken  from  fig.  2  ;   back  and   front  views. 

6.  Pistil,  magnified. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  suspended  ovules  (but  not  so 

delineated  as  to  exhibit  the  adnate  placental  cord,  from  the  partly 
free  apex  of  which  they  hang). 

8.  Pod,  enlarged. 

9.  A  dehiscent  pod,  enlarged.     (Herb.  Torr.) 

10.  Vertical  section  of  a  pod,  magnified,  showing  the  two  seeds. 

11.  A  seed,  with  its  comose  arillus,  more  magnified. 

12.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  minute  embryo. 

13.  Detached  embryo,  more  magnified  (inverted,  the  hilar  end  down.) 


Ord.  cabombacej:. 

Herbae  aquaticas  foliis  peltatis :  dicotyledoneae,  polypetalas, 
hypogynas ;  sepalis,  petalis,  staminibus,  pistillisque  discretis 
definitis,  ordine  saspissime  ternario  ;  asstivatione  imbricativo  ; 
carpellis  sutura  dorsali  2  -  3-ovuliferis  ;  seminibus  atque  em- 
bryone  Nymphasacearum. 

Cabombeje,  Rich.  Anal.  Fr.  (1303)  &  in  Ann.  Mus.  17.  p.  230.  t.  5. 

Endl.  Gen.  p.  412. 
Cabombacej:,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  1.  p.  54.     Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  p.  412. 

P0D0PHYLLACE«,  Trib.  HvDROPELTIDE.C,    DC.   Sj'St.  2.  p.  36. 

Nvmpb£acex,  Subord.  Hvdropeltides;,  Lindl.  Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2. 
Hydropeltideje,  Meisn.  Gen.  p.  6.  Schleid.  in  Wiegm.  Arch.  5.  p.  230. 
Ranuncclace.e,  Trib.  Cabombeje,  Gardner,  in  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  641. 


The  Water-shield  Family,  which  it  is  most  convenient  to  regard  as  a 
separate  order,  is  nevertheless  only  a  simplified  form  of  Nymphaeaceae,  as  has 
always  been  maintained  by  Mr.  Brown,*  —  the  pistils  of  Brasenia  being  to 
that  of  Nymphaea  just  what  those  of  Platystemon,  Benlh.,  are  to,  that  of  a 
Poppy.  Viewed  as  distinct,  it  should  stand  between  Ranuneulaceaa  and 
Nelumbiaceae  ;  but  it  is  only  from  an  overestimate  of  the  external  charac- 
ters that  it  has  been  proposed  to  merge  it  in  the  former  instead  of  the  latter 
order.  The  seed  and  embryo  exhibit  precisely  the  peculiar  structure  of 
those  of  the  Water-Lilies,  as  our  illustrations  clearly  show. 

The  figure  copied  by  Lindley  (  Veget.  Kingd.  p.  412)  is  either  taken  from 
an  unripe  seed  of  Cabomba  aquatica,  in  which  the  cotyledons  are  not  full- 
grown,  and  the  walls  of  the  inclosing  sac  are  vastly  thicker  than  afterwards ; 
or  else,  which  is  more  likely,  the  cotyledons  have  been  mistaken  for  the  sac, 
and  the  plumule  for  the  entire  embryo.  In  the  accompanying  section  of  the 
carpels,  after  Turpin,  the  ovules  are  placed  on  the  wrong  suture. 

The  anomalous  attachment  of  the  ovules  to  the  dorsal  suture  of  the  ovary, 
first  noticed  by  Mr.  Brown  in  Brasenia,  and  recorded  in  his  notes  made  upon 
the  living  plant  in  New  Holland,  which  he  had  the  kindness  to  show  me, 


*  General  Remarks  in  Flinders,   Voy.  p.  598 ;   and  in   Jlorsefield's   I'lantic 
Javan.  liar.  p.  108. 

7* 


92  cabombacEjE. 

is  also  explicitly  mentioned  by  Salisbury,  in  1806,*  and  by  Nuttall,  in 
1818. 

The  last-named  author  has  also  well  described  the  circularly  disposed  air- 
tubes,  &c,  of  the  stalks  of  Brasenia  ;  which,  however,  are  constructed  near- 
ly as  in  the  stems  of  most  aquatics ;  except  that  they  are  said  by  Schleiden 
and  Lindley  to  be  entirely  destitute  of  spiral  vessels. 

The  two  genera  of  which  the  group  consists  are  both  represented  in  the 
United  States,  to  which  and  to  Eastern  New  Holland  !  Brasenia  is  confined ; 
while  Cabomba  is  divided  between  the  Southeastern  United  States  and  the 
eastern  side  of  South  America  near  the  equator. 

The  roots  and  herbage  of  these  plants  are  mucilaginous,  with  some  as- 
tringency.  They  are  entirely  destitute  of  acridity  and  of  any  noxious 
qualities. 

*  In  Konig  and  Sims,  Annals  of  Botany,  ~.  p.  74. 


CAB0M13ACE.E.  93 


Plate  38. 
CABOMBA,  Aubl. 

Sepala  3.  Petala  3,  breviter  unguiculata,  2-auriculata. 
Stamina  6,  antheris  extrorsis.  Ovaria  3,  raro  2  v.  4:  styli 
stigmate  depresso  terminati.  —  Folia  submersa  capillaceo- 
multipartita ;  emersa  integra. 

Cabomba,  Aublet,  Guian.  1.  p.  321.  t.  124.  Rich.  I.e.  Juss.  Gen.  p. 46. 
DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  36.  Gray,  in  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York, 
4.  p.  46.  Torr.  &  Gray,  FI.l.p.  34.  Endl.  Gen.  5024.  Gardn. 
in  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  641,  642. 

Nectris,  Sclireb.  Gen.  610.     Pursh,  Fl.  1.  p.  239.     Nutt.  Gen.  1.  p.  230. 


Sepals  3,  oval  or  obovate,  petaloid,  imbricated  in  aestiva- 
tion, persistent.  Petals  3,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  the 
sepals  and  similar  to  them,  but  more  or  less  unguiculate, 
with  the  base  of  the  lamina  auriculate  on  each  side,  imbri- 
cated in  aestivation,  spreading,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  shorter 
than  the  floral  envelopes  and  inserted  opposite  them,  hypo- 
gynous :  filaments  subulate :  anthers  oval  or  oblong,  the 
cells  opening  extrorsely  lengthwise.  Pistils  3,  sometimes 
2  or  4,  sessile  :  ovary  ovoid-oblong,  one-celled :  style  short, 
subulate :  stigma  terminal,  depressed.  Ovules  usually  3, 
and  inserted  one  on  the  ventral  suture,  one  on  the  dorsal, 
and  the  third  on  some  part  of  the  wall  of  the  cell  near  one 
or  the  other  suture,  anatropous,  pendulous. 

Fruit  (one  or  two  carpels  ripening)  indehiscent,  coria- 
ceous, pointed  with  the  persistent  style,  1-3-seeded.  Seeds 
pendulous,  ovoid  or  globose ;  the  crustaceous  testa  cristate- 
ribbed  or  echinate-roughened  by  the  projecting  ends  of  the 
innumerable  cells  of  which  it  is  composed ;  a  mamillseforrn 
portion  at  the  hilum  separates  at  maturity  in  the  form  of  a 
minute  cap  (doubtless  serving  to  facilitate  the  protrusion  of 
the  radicle  in  germination)  :  inner  integument  thin  and 
membranaceous.     Albumen  farinaceous,  filling  the  cavity  of 


94  CABOMBACE.E. 

the  seed,  except  the  hilar  extremity,  where  it  is  depressed  to 
make  room  for  the  lenticular  sac  {vitellus,  sac  of  the  amnios) 
which  incloses  the  embryo,  perforated  by  a  central  canal 
(the  vestige  of  the  extension  of  the  sac  in  the  ovule  to  the 
chalaza).  Embryo  small,  lenticular,  conformed  to  the  sac, 
which  it  fills  :  radicle  nearly  obsolete,  superior :  the  coty- 
ledons very  thick  and  fleshy,  much  thicker  than  long,  in- 
closing an  oblong  fleshy  plumule. 

Herbs  growing  in  ponds  and  slow  streams,  with  slender 
stems,  furnished  under  water  with  chiefly  opposite  palmately 
or  peltately  and  filiformly  many-parted  leaves ;  the  upper- 
most leaves  floating,  entire  or  emarginate,  centrally  peltate 
on  long  petioles.  Flowers  solitary  on  long  axillary  pedun- 
cles, white  or  yellowish. 


Etymology.     Apparently  an  aboriginal  name. 

Geographical  Distribution.      There   are  two   species   in   Brazil   anil 
Guiana,  and  one  in  the  Southern  United  States. 


PLATE  38.    Cabomba  Caroliniana,  Gray;  —  summit,  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

2.  A  sepal,  enlarged. 

3.  A  petal,  equally  enlarged  ;    inside  view. 

4.  A  magnified  stamen  ;  seen  from  the  outside. 

5.  Same,  seen  from  the  inner  side. 

6.  The  pistils,  magnified. 

7.  A  magnified  pistil,  the  ovary  divided  longitudinally. 

8.  Fruiting  pistil,  with  an  infertile  one  ;  enlarged. 

9.  A  magnified  seed,  with  the  hilar  operculum,  10,  detached. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryonic  sac  at  the  extrem- 

ity of  the  albumen. 

12.  A  portion  (the  hilar  end)  of  the  same  section,  more  magnified  (and  re- 

versed), displaying  the  embryo,  surrounded  by  the  sac,  which  is 
seen  in  section,  at  the  base  of  the  albumen. 

13.  The  embryo,  detached,  with  the  cotyledons  separated,  to  show  the 

plumule. 


CABOMBACEjE  95 


Plate  39. 
BRASENIA,  Schreb. 

Sepala  3.  Petala  3,  sessilia,  linearia,  sepalis  consimilia. 
Stamina  12-lS^vel  18-36?),  antheris  levissime  introrsis. 
Ovaria  6-  18  :  stigma  unilaterale  sessile.  — Folia  omnia  na- 
tantia,  integerrima,  centra  peltata. 

Brasenia,  Schreber,  Gen.  938  (1789).  Nutt.  Gen.  2.  p.  23.  Torr.  & 
Gray,  1.  c.  p.  55.     Endl.  Gen.  5025.     Gray,  Bot.  N.  U.  S.  p.  22. 

Hydropeltis,  Michx.  Fl.  1.  p.  324.  t.  29  (1803).  Rich.  1.  c.  Salisb.  in 
Ann.  Bot.  2.  p.  74.     DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  37. 

Water-shield. 


Sepals  3,  or  sometimes  4,  narrowly  oblong,  imbricated  in 
aestivation,  herbaceous,  colored  inside,  persistent.  Petals 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  hypogynous, 
linear-oblong,  sessile,  not  appendiculate,  persistent.  Stamens 
12  to  IS,  or  sometimes  more  numerous,  hypogynous :  fila- 
ments filiform  :  anthers  linear-oblong,  innate,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally  by  a  slightly  introrse  line.  Pistils 
4  to  IS,  capitate-crowded,  sessile :  ovary  oblong,  one-celled, 
terminated  by  an  oblong  and  brush-shaped  introrse  stigma  of 
almost  its  own  length.  Ovules  2,  superposed  on  the  dorsal 
suture,  pendulous,  anatropous  ;  the  raphe  towards  the  suture. 

Fruit  (few  or  several  of  the  carpels  maturing)  indehis- 
cent,  coriaceous,  pointed  with  the  persistent  stigma,  oblong 
or  obovoid,  usually  only  one  (the  upper)  seed  ripening. 
Seed  ovoid,  large  ;  the  crustaceous  testa  nearly  smooth. 
Albumen  farinaceous,  marked  by  a  central  canal,  as  in  Ca- 
bomba.  Embryo  depressed-globular,  filling  the  membrana- 
ceous sac  which  occupies  and  is  partly  imbedded  in  the  hilar 
extremity  of  the  albumen:  radicle  a  mere  papilla  at  the 
junction  of  the  two  very  thick  and  lleshy  cotyledons,  which 
lie  parallel  with  the  raphe  (or  anterior  and  posterior),  and  in- 
close an  oblong  two-lobed  plumule. 


96  cabombacejE. 

Herb  growing  in  ponds  and  pools,  sending  up,  from  a 
fleshy  prostrate  rhizoma,  long  and  forking  stems  bearing 
above  alternate  oval  and  entire  centrally  peltate  leaves,  invo- 
lute in  vernation,  brought  by  the  elongation  of  the  petioles 
to  the  surface  of  the  water,  on  which  they  float.  Peduncles 
axillary,  equally  elongated,  bringing  the  solitary  dull  purple 
flower  to  the  surface,  where  it  expands  only  in  anthesis. 
The  stalks  and  other  submersed  parts  are  covered,  especially 
when  young,  with  a  thick  coating  of  transparent  jelly. 


Etymology.  Brasenia  is  unexplained ;  perhaps  it  was  designed  to  com-* 
memorate  some  obscure  German  botanist.  Hydropeltis,  which,  being  un- 
fortunately the  later  name,  must  give  precedence  to  that  imposed  by  Schre- 
ber,  is  the  Greek  equivalent  of  Water-shield. 

Geographical  Distribution.  The  single  species  is  abundant  through- 
out the  United  States  and  Upper  Canada.  It  is  most  remarkable  that  what 
appears  to  be  the  same  species  is  also  a  native  of  Eastern  New  Holland, 
where  it  was  long  ago  detected  by  Mr.  Brown  ! 

Note.  The  jelly  by  which  the  stalks,  &c,  are  thickly  coated,  I  find  to 
arise  from  the  rapid  formation  and  rupturing  of  successive  epithelial  cells, 
in  the  same  way  that  mucilage  is  formed  on  the  surface  of  animal  mucous 
membranes.  The  rhizoma  of  Brasenia  contains  oblong  and  transversely  an- 
nulated  starch-grains  of  unusual  size,  the  larger  being  6^3  of  an  inch  in  length. 


PLATE  39.     Brasenia  peltata,  Pursh;  —  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  sepals  and  petals  (in  the  bud  each  set  is  imbricated). 

2.  Vertical  section  of  a  flower-bud,  enlarged. 

3.  A  magnified  anther,  seen  obliquely  from  the  outside. 

4.  The  same  ;  inside  view,  showing  the  slightly  introrse  dehiscence. 

5.  A  magnified  pistil,  seen  laterally;  and  6,  posteriorly. 

7.  Same,  the  ovary  divided  vertically,  showing  the  dorsally  inserted  ovules ! 

8.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

9.  Fruit,  with  the  persistent  perianth  ;  of  the  natural  size. 

10.  A  ripe  carpel,  enlarged. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  and  of  the  ripe  seed  and  embryo  in  its  sac. 

12.  Vertical  section  of  the  hilar  end  of  the  seed  (much  more  magnified) 

made  at  right  angles  to  that  in  fig.  11,  parallel  to  the  cotyledons, 
one  of  which  is  cut  away,  and  through  the  included  2-lobed  plumule. 

13.  Similar  section,  cutting  the  cotyledons  at  right  angles  to  fig.  12;   or 

same  as  fig.  11,  reversed  and  more  magnified. 
11.  Embryo,  magnified  ;  the  cotyledons  opened,  showing  the  plumule. 


Ord.  NELUMBIACE^E. 

Herbae  aquaticse  insignes,  Nymphaeoideas ;  at  ovariis  intra 
alveolos  tori  obconici  segregatis,  uniovulatis,  fructu  nucifor- 
mibus;    embryone  exalbuminoso,  plumula  maxime  evoluta. 


Plate  40,  41. 
NELUMBIUM,  Juss. 

Character  ut  ordiais  monotypici. 

Nelumbicm,  Juss.  Gen.  p.  68.    Turp.  in  Ann-  Mus.  7.  p.  210. 1. 11.    Rich. 

Ibid.  17.  p.  249.  t.  9.     DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  43.     Wight,  111.  Ind.  Bot. 

t.  9.     Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3753.     Endl.  Gen.  5026. 
Nelumbo,  Tourn.  Inst.  261.     Adans.  Fam.  2.  p.  76.     Ga?rtn.  Fr.  t.  19. 
Cyahds,  Salisb. -in  Ann.  Bot.  2.  p.  75.     Smith,  Exot.  Bot.  1.  p.  59.  t.  31, 

32.     Barton,  Fl.  N.  Am.  t  63. 

Nelumbo.     Sacred  Bean.     Water  Chiuquepiu. 


Calyx  and  corolla  confounded,  consisting  of  numerous 
sepals  (the  exterior)  and  petals  imbricated  in  5  or  6  series 
in  aestivation,  oblong  or  oval,  the  exterior  shorter  and  less 
colored,  early  deciduous.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous 
in  several  series  below  the  enlarged  torus,  very  deciduous : 
filaments  short  and  slender :  anthers  linear,  elongated,  in- 
trorsely  adnate  to  the  connective,  which  is  prolonged  at  the 
apex  into  a  conspicuous  appendage ;  the  cells  contiguous, 
opening  longitudinally.  Torus  much  enlarged  above  the 
stamens,  obconical.  Ovaries  numerous  (12  to  25),  separate- 
ly immersed  in  hollows  of  the  flat  upper  surface  of  the  dilat- 
ed torus,  ovoid,  one-celled,  one-ovuled  (1-2-ovuled,  Endl.), 
marked  with  a  dorsal  gibbosity:  style  a  short  and  thick 
neck  :  stigma  peltate,  umbilicate.  Ovule  suspended  from 
the  summit  of  the  cell,  anatropous ;  the  raphe  dorsal. 


9S  NELUMBIACEiE. 

Fruit  consisting  of  12  to  25  acorn-like  nuts  immersed  in 
the  hollows  of  the  dry,  top-shaped  torus,  tipped  with  the 
persistent  stigma  :  the  pericarp  coriaceo-crustaceous.  Seed 
suspended,  soon  loose  in  the  cell,  globular :  testa  membrana- 
ceous. Albumen  none.  Embryo  filling  the  seed :  radicle 
extremely  short,  superior :  cotyledons  thick,  fleshy,  hemi- 
spherical, hollowed  within,  the  two  joined  by  their  edges 
form  a  globose,  albumen-like  body,  inclosing  a  highly  de- 
veloped green  plumule,  which  is  covered  by  an  extremely 
delicate  membranous  sheath,  and  consists  of  2  or  3  ready- 
formed  leaves  with  their  petioles  imiexed. 

Herbs  growing  in  water  ;  with  very  large  and  orbicular 
entire  centrally  peltate  leaves,  and  solitary  long-peduncled 
flowers,  floating  on  the  surface  or  raised  above  it,  arising 
from  a  prostrate  tuberous  rhizoma.     Vernation  involute. 


Etymology.     Nelumbo,  the  Ceylonese  name  of  the  Oriental  species. 

Properties  and  Affinity.  Same  as  of  Nymphameeae  ;  of  which  Nelura- 
bium  is  only  a  peculiar  apocarpous  form,  with  the  embryo  in  a  further  de- 
veloped, or  as  it  were  germinating,  state,  at  the  expense  of  the  albumen.  — 
The  seeds  and  the  farinaceous  rootstocks  are  edible. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Of  this  genus,  so  remarkable  for  the  great 
size  of  the  leaves  and  flowers,  there  are  perhaps  two  species  indigenous  to 
the  warmer  parts  of  Asia,  and  one  in  the  United  States,  and  also  in  Jamaica. 


PLATE  40,  41.     Nelumbium   luteum,   Willd.  ;  —  from  specimens  from 
the  Delaware  River,  communicated  by  Miss  Dix  and  Miss  Morris. 

1.  A  leaf;  a  small  one,  and  considerably  reduced. 

2.  Flower-bud  and  peduncle  ;  of  the  natural  size. 

3.  Flower  of  the  natural  size,  showing  the  summit  of  the  torus,  &c. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  the  torus  and  receptacle,  dividing  one  of  the  ovaries. 

5.  A  stamen,  enlarged  ;  inside  view. 

6.  A  detached  pistil,  enlarged ;  and  7,  same,  with  the  ovary  divided. 

8.  The  top-shaped  torus  in  ripe  fruit  ;  natural  size. 

9.  A  fruit,  with  the  pericarp  divided,  showing  the  contained  seed. 

10.  Same,  with  the  seed,  cotyledons,  and  the  contained  plumule,  divided. 

11.  Embryo  detached  and  reversed;   the  cotyledons  opened  to  show  the 

plumule  in  its  transparent  delicate  sac. 

12.  Plumule,  with  the  sac  removed. 

13.  The  same,  magnified,  spread  out  ;  the  lower  leaf  cut  across. 


Ord.   NYMPH^ACEH. 

Herbee  aquaticse,  foliis  plerumque  peltatis  floribusque  po- 
lymeris  natantibus  :  dicotyledoneae,  polypetalre  ;  petalis  et 
staminibus  indefinitis,  toro  hypogyno  crasso  vel  ovario  pluri- 
loculari  multiovulato  imbricatim  insertis ;  ovulis  parietibus 
dissepimentorum  insertis ;  bacca  polyspermia ;  embryone  in- 
tra sacculum  proprium  incluso,  albuminis  fovea  superficiali 
basilari  applicito ;  cotyledonibus  carnosis  plumulam  inclu- 
dentibus. 

Nwphsacm,  Salisb.  in  Ann.  Bot.  2.  p.  69.  (excl.  gen.)  DC.  Prop. 
Med.  ed.  2.  &  Syst.  2.  p.  30.  Bartl.  Ord.  p.  88.  Lindl.  Introd. 
Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2.  p.  10.    Endl.  Gen.  p.  898. 


The  Water-Lily  Family  is  the  first  of  the  series  which  exhibits  a  truly 
compound  pistil,  formed  by  the  union  of  a  whorl  of  carpels  into  one  syncar- 
pous  ovary.  It  also  furnishes  instances  of  the  partial  cohesion  of  the  floral 
envelopes  with  each  other,  and  especially  with  the  surface  of  the  compound 
ovary.  It  likewise  affords  the  finest  examples  of  the  gradual  transition  of 
sepals  into  petals,  and  of  petals  into  stamens  ;  as  in  the  White  Water-Lily, 
in  which  every  intermediate  gradation  may  be  traced  between  the  naked  pe- 
tals and  perfect  stamens  of  the  ordinary  structure  and  appearance.  Both  the 
petals  and  stamens  are  numerous,  or  indefinite,  and  imbricated  in  several 
series.  The  pistil  consists  of  several  (six  to  fifteen  or  more)  cells  ;  that  is, 
of  as  many  carpels,  vertieillate  and  coalescent  in  a  solid  mass  around  a  cen- 
tral axis. 

A  remarkable  characteristic  of  this  family  is  found  in  the  insertion  of  the 
ovules.  These  are  scattered  over  the  whole  face  of  the  dissepiments,  that  is 
to  say,  "  the  whole  internal  surface  of  the  carpels  is  equally  ovuliferous," 
instead  of  the  inner  angle  or  suture  only,  as  in  all  ordinary  cases.  Indeed, 
the  inner  angle  of  the  cells  in  Nymphsea  and  Nuphar  is  the  only  part  of  the 
surface  which  is  not  ovuliferous,  or  scarcely  so.  The  tendency  to  produce 
ovules  is  greatest  towards  the  middle  and  posterior  part  of  the  parieties,  and 
(in  Nuphar)  at  or  near  the  dorsal  angle  itself.  This  fact,  viewed  in  con- 
nection with  the  circumstance  already  mentioned  under  Cabomba  (p.  93), 
namely,  that  one  of  its  ovules  is  often  found  attached  to  the  wall  of  the  cell 


100  NYMPHiEACEjE. 

at  some  distance  from  either  suture,  affords  the  completest  confirmation  of 
Mr.  Brown's  remark  upon  this  subject.* 

Our  analyses  clearly  demonstrate  that  the  embryo  in  Nymphaeaceas  and  in 
Cabombaceae  is  just  that  of  Nelumbium  on  a  smaller  scale  :  the  difference 
being  that  the  albumen  has  been  absorbed  into  the  latter,  which  has  taken  a 
further  development ;  and  that  the  amniotic  sac  has  disappeared,  or  become 
confluent  with  the  coats  of  the  seed,  unless,  indeed,  it  may  be  identified  with 
the  diaphanous  membrane  which  surrounds  the  plumule.  The  state  of  our 
fresh  specimens  of  Nelumbium,  transmitted  to  us  at  midsummer  from  a  great 
distance,  forbade  an  investigation  of  this  and  other  points,  which  a  botanist 
who  has  the  growing  plant  before  him  might  prosecute  with  success. 

Besides  Nymphasa  and  Nuphar,  the  order  comprises  three  exclusively 
tropical  genera,  namely,  Barclaya  of  Pegu,  Euryale  of  Northern  India,  and 
the  superb  Victoria  of  Guiana  and  Northern  Brazil,  the  most  gigantic  of 
water-plants,  its  orbicular  peltate  leaves  being  from  six  to  eight  feet,  and  its 
fragrant  blossoms  often  fifteen  inches,  in  diameter  !  f 

These  plants  are  destitute  of  noxious,  or  any  active  properties,  excepting 
a  moderate  astringency.  The  stalks  are  also  mucilaginous ;  and  the  farina- 
ceous seeds  are  edible,  as  likewise  are  the  thickened  rootstocks  of  some  spe- 
cies, when  cooked. 


*  "  A  case  of  this  kind  is  found  in  a  portion  of  one  of  those  families  in  which 
the  whole  surface  is  generally  ovuliferous,  namely,  in  Hydropeltideae,  which  I 
have  always  regarded  as  a  mere  section  of  Nymphceaceae;  and  from  the  nature 
of  these  differences  in  placentation,  which  are  more  apparent  than  real,  an  ar- 
gument might  even  be  adduced  in  favor  of  that  opinion.'  II.  Br.  in  Horsef.  PI. 
Jav.  Rar.,  note,  p.  ]08. 

t  The  latest  and  fullest  account  of  this  Titanic  Water-Lily  is  that  given  by 
Hooker  in  the  Botanical  Magazine  for  January,  1847. 


NYMPH.EACE^E.  101 


Plate  42,  43. 
NYMPHJEA,    Tourn. 

Petala  et  stamina  indefinita,  ovario  (mediante  toro)  pluri- 
seriatim  inserta,  exteriora  sepalis  4  liberis  axrailonga  et  con- 
formia.  Stigmata  linearia,  circa  glandulam  in  centro  globo- 
sam  radiata.  Semina  indefinita  arillo  inclusa.  —  Flores  sse- 
pius  suaveolentes,  nunquam  fiavi. 

Nvmph.ea,  Tourn.  Linn.  (excl.  spec.)  Neck.  Elem.  1828.  Smith, 
Prodr.  Fl.  Grtec.  1.  p.  361.  Schkuhr,  Handb.  1. 142.  (excl.  spec.) 
DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  49.     Endl.  Gen.  5020. 

Leuconymphjf.a,  Boerh.  Hort.  Lugd.  p.  364. 

Castalia,  Salisb.  in  Kon.  &  Sims,  Ann.  Bot.  2.  p.  71. 

Water-Lily.     Lotus  (Egyptian). 


Calyx  of  4  oblong  sepals,  green  outside  and  colored 
within,  imbricated  in  asstivation,  free,  tardily  deciduous. 
Petals  numerous,  distinct,  imbricated  in  several  series  in 
aestivation,  inserted  by  means  of  the  thin  adnate  torus  over 
the  whole  exterior  surface  of  the  ovary,  upon  which  their 
persistent  vestiges  remain  in  fruit ;  the  exterior  as  large  as 
the  sepals  and  similar  in  form ;  the  inner  series  passing  by 
gradual  transition  into  stamens.  Stamens  indefinite,  insert- 
ed on  the  ovary  above  the  petals :  filaments  petaloid,  or  the 
innermost  linear-filiform :  anthers  introrsely  adnate,  the 
cells  opening  longitudinally.  Compound  ovary  many-  ( 12  - 
24-)  celled,  crowned  with  as  many  linear  stigmas  radiating 
around  its  broadly  umbilicate  summit,  which  bears  a  globu- 
lar knob  in  the  centre.  Ovules  very  numerous,  inserted 
over  the  whole  face  of  the  dissepiments  except  at  the  inner 
angle  of  the  cells,  anatropous,  pendulous ;  the  raphe  external 
(the  micropyle  next  the  wall  of  the  carpel)  ? 

Fruit  baccate,  globular,  covered  with  the  scaly  vestiges 
of  the  sepals,  pulpy  or  gelatinous  internally,  many-celled, 
many-seeded.     Seeds  pendulous,  each  inclosed  in  a  mem- 


102  NYMPH^EACEjE. 

branaceous  cellular  arillus,  which  is  open  at  the  extremity  : 
testa  crustaceous,  marked  with  a  narrow  raphe ;  the  inner 
integument  membranaceous.  Albumen  farinaceous,  perforat- 
ed with  a  central  canal  leading  to  the  membranaceous  clos- 
ed sac,  immersed  in  a  depression  at  its  hilar  extremity, 
which  is  filled  by  the  globular  embryo.  Radicle  very  mi- 
nute, next  the  hilum :  cotyledons  fleshy,  rounded,  excavat- 
ed internally  to  contain  the  two-lobed  plumule. 

Herbs,  growing  in  quiet  water,  with  rounded  peltate 
leaves  and  solitary  showy  (white,  purple  or  blue)  flowers, 
raised  to  the  surface  on  long  petioles  and  peduncles,  which 
spring  from  a  fleshy  prostrate  lactescent  rootstock.  Verna- 
tion involute.  Blossom  closing  in  the  afternoon,  usually- 
sweet-scented.     Fruit  ripening  under  water. 


Etymology.     Niyjc^nm,  dedicated  to  the  Water-Nymphs. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Natives  of  the  northern  temperate  and 
subtropical  regions.  Our  single  United  States  species  is  one  of  the  finest  of 
these  beautiful  plants. 

Note.     The  arillus  in  N.  alba  is  pretty  well  figured  by  Schkuhr  (1791). 


PLATE  42,43.     Nymph^ea  odorata,  Ait. ;  —  flower-bud,   flower,  and  a 
small  leaf;  natural  size. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation  and  position  of  the  parts  of  the  flower. 

2.  An  outer  petal,  natural  size. 

3.  An  inner  petal,  showing  the  rudiment  of  an  anther  at  its  tip. 

4.  5.  Exterior  petaloid  stamens,  natural  size  ;  inside  view. 

6.  An  inner  stamen,  seen  from  within. 

7.  Pistil,  &c.  ;  the  floral  envelopes  and  all  the  stamens  but  one  removed. 

8.  Vertical,  and  9,  transverse  section  of  the  pistil  ;  magnified. 

10.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

1 1 .  Fruit,  covered  with  the  scaly  bases  of  the  persistent  petals  ;  nat.  size. 
13.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  seeds  on  the  partitions. 

13.  Magnified  seed  in  the  arillus  ;  and  14,  with  the  arillus  divided. 

15.  Longitudinal  section  of  a  magnified  seed,  dividing  the  albumen,  and  the 

sac,  and  cutting  away  one  cotyledon,  so  as  to  show  the  plumule. 

16.  Transverse  section  of  the  base  of  a  seed,  cutting  through  the  sac  and 

embryo.     (Shows  that  the  cotyledons  are  parallel  with  the  raphe.) 

17.  Embryo,  magnified  ;  the  cotyledons  opened,  showing  the  plumule. 


N  \  M  I'll  EACJ    I  103 

Plate  44. 
NUPIIAR,  Smith. 

Petala  10-20,  glandulaeformia,  cum  staminibus  appresso- 

iinbricata,  toro  hypogyno  sen  perigyno  inserta,  sepalis  5-0 

liberis  et  stigmate  peltato   radiatim    12  —  20-striato  breviora. 

Semina  indefinita,  exarillata. —  Flores  lutei. 

Ndphar,  Smith,  Prodr.  Fl.  Grec.  1.  p.  361.  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  59.  Deless. 
[<  .'  t.  (i.  Endl.  Gen.  5021.  Trecul,  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3.  eer. 
2.  p.  286.  t.  10-13. 

Nuirii.v  ■>■  Sp.,  Tourn.     Linn.     Gajrtn.     Schkubr,  I    c. 

Nymph  ea,  Boerh.  1.  c.  p.  363.    Salisb.  in  Kon.  &  Sims,  Ann.  Bot.  2.  p.  71. 

N  i  mpbosahthi  :-,  Rich.  Anal.  1'r.  p.  68  &  Ann.  Mue.  IT.  p.  230.  t.  '.). 

Yellow  Pond-Lily.     Spatterdock. 


Calyx  of  5  or  6  roundish  and  concave  coriaceous  sepals, 
imbricated  in  aestivation,  green  at  the  base,  yellow  above 
and  inside,  five,  persistent.  Petals  10  to  20,  small,  usually 
thick  and  glandular  or  stamen-like,  imbricated,  inserted  into 
a  thickened  (hypogynous  or  barely  perigynous)  torus  or  disk 
at  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  indefinite,  short,  insert- 
ed on  the  torus  within  the  petals  in  many  series,  closely  im- 
bricated and  appressed  to  the  pistil,  at  length  elastically  re- 
curved, persistent:  filaments  very  short,  stout,  continued 
into  a  similar  linear  glandular-truncate  connective:  anther 
adnate  to  its  inner  face  (introrse);  the  linear  cells  parallel, 
contiguous,  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  columnar,  na- 
ked, many-striatc,  10  -  25-celled,  crowned  with  a  circular  and 
convex  10-25-crenulate  and  10-25-rayed  peltate  sessile 
stigma,  umbilicate  in  the  centre.  Ovules  as  in  Nymphaea, 
but  rather  fewer. 

Fruit  baccate  with  a  firm  rind,  naked,  ovoid  or  oblong, 
terminated  by  the  concave-truncate  persistent  radiated  stig- 
ma, pulpy  inside,  many-celled,*many-seeded  ;  the  pulpy  en- 
docarps  capable  of  being  detached  entire  from  the  firmer  axis 


104  NYMPHLEACE.<E. 

and  rind.  Arillus  wanting.  Seeds  smooth,  and  with  the 
albumen,  embryo,  &c,  of  essentially  the  same  conformation 
as  in  Nymphsea.  Cotyledons  parallel  with  the  raphe,  or 
rarely  at  right  angles  to  it. 

Herbs,  growing  in  quiet  or  stagnant  water ;  the  floating 
or  frequently  emersed  and  erect  leaves  cordate,  sagittate,  or 
reniform,  thickish,  entire,  involute  in  vernation,  fixed  at  the 
sinus  to  the  long  and  stout  petioles,  which  with  the  one- 
flowered  peduncles  spring  from  a  prostrate  rhizoma,  as  in 
Nympluea.     Flowers  dull  yellow,  not  showy. 


Etymology.     A  name  used  by  Dioscorides,  said  to  be  of  Arabic  origin. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Natives  of  the  cooler  parts  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere :  a  genus  of  five  or  six  species,  of  whieh  there  are  three  in 
the  United  States. 


PLATE  44.     Nlthar  advena,  Ait.     (From  spontaneous  specimens.) 

1.  A  flower-bud,  of  the  natural  size. 

2.  An  expanded  flower  ;   natural  size. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  eestivation  of  the  sepals  (in  two  series). 

4.  Vertical  section  of  an  unexpanded  flower  ;  natural  size. 

5.  Enlarged  petal,  outside  view  ;  and  6,  lateral  view  of  the  same. 

7.  A  stamen,  enlarged,  seen  from  the  inside. 

8.  Same,  as  seen  from  the  outside  ;  and  9,  seen  laterally. 

10.  Half  of  a  transverse  section  of  an  ovary,  moderately  magnified. 

11.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

12.  Fruit,  of  the  natural  size,  with  remains  of  stamens,  &c,  at  the  base. 

13.  Vertical  section  of  a  fruit  with  the  receptacle,  dividing  one  of  the  cells. 

14.  A  pulpy  cell  or  carpel,  detached  entire  from  the  adjacent  side  of  fig.  13. 

15.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

16.  Vertical  section  of  the  hilar  end  of  a  seed,  magnified,  cutting  through 

the  fleshy  sac,  removing  one  cotyledon,  and  showing  the  plumule. 

17.  The  sac  removed  entire  ;  enlarged. 

18.  Same,  cut  through,  showing  the  embryo  (edgewise)  entire. 

19.  Embryo,  more  magnified,  the  cotyledons  opened  to  show  the  plumule. 


Ord.    SARRACENIACEtE. 

Herbae  paludosae  acaulescentes,  foliis  coloratis,  petiolo  tu- 
bseformi  seu  amphorasformi :  dicotyledoneae,  hypogynas,  poly- 
apetalae,  polyandra? ;  aestivatione  imbricativo ;  ovario  3-5- 
loculari,  placentis  axi  exsertis  multiovulatis ;  capsula  poly- 
sperma  loculicida ;  embryone  parvo  in  basi  albuminis  car- 
nosi  incluso. 

Sarracenie/e,  Pylaie,  in  Ann.  Soc.  Lin.  Par.  6.  p.  388.  t.  13.     Hook. 

FI.  Bor.-Am.  1.  p.  33. 
Sarraceniaceje,  Dumort.  Anal.  p.  53.      Torr.  &  <jray,  FI.  N.  Am.  1. 

p.  58,  664.    Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  p.  429. 


This  group  consists  of  two  genera  of  American  Pitcher-plants  ;  namely, 
Sarracenia  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  of  which  five  or  six  species 
have  long  been  familiarly  known ;  and  Heliamphora,  Benth. ,  founded  on  a 
plant  which  Mr.  Schomburgk  gathered  on  the  mountain  of  Roraima,  in  Brit- 
ish Guiana.  The  latter  differs  from  the  type  of  the  family  in  bearing  several 
flowers  in  a  raceme  on  the  bracteate  scape,  in  the  total  absence  of  the  caly- 
culus,  of  petals,  and  of  the  peculiar  umbrella-shaped  summit  of  the  style 
which  is  so  remarkable  in  Sarracenia,  and  also  in  having  the  seeds  sur- 
rounded by  a  wing. 

Unfortunately,  this  accession  does  rot  appear  to  throw  any  new  light  upon 
the  affinities  of  Sarracenia,  which  are  still  obscure,  notwithstanding  that  Dr. 
Planchon  *  has  recently  pointed  out  some  striking  points  of  resemblance  be- 
tween this  genus  and  Pyrola,  which  in  his  mind  leave  no  doubt  of  their  im- 
mediate affinity. 

The  pitcher  or  open  tube  of  the  leaves  evidently  belongs  to  the  petiole, 
which  is  also  simply  winged  or  margined  along  the  inner  side  ;  while  the 
blade  is  represented  by  the  hood,  or  rounded  appendage  at  the  apex,  which 
cannot  be  called  a  lid,  as  it  never  closes  the  orifice,  nor  is  it  so  much  incurv- 
ed as  at  all  to  cover  it,  except  in  two  speices.  This  proper  lamina  is  rudi- 
mentary in  Heliamphora,  and  very  small  in  proportion  to  the  ample  orifice, 
which  extends  some  way  down  the  inner  side:  and  thence  a  double  wing- 
like border  extends  to  the  base,  appearing  just  as  if  the  two  margins  of  an 


In  London  Journal  of  Botany,  5.  p.  252. 


106  SARRACENIACE.E. 

infolded  leaf  were  united  by  a  seam,  so  as  to  leave  the  free  edges  outside. 
In  Sarraeenia  this  wing  or  margin  is  simple  and  entire.  The  pitchers,  espe- 
cially those  of  S.  purpurea,  are  generally  found  partly  filled  with  water  and 
dead  Hies  with  other  small  insects.  Whether  the  water  is  secreted  by  the 
leaf  itself,  or  caught  from  the  rain,  is  still  undetermined.  The  point  might 
readily  be  ascertained  by  proper  observations,  made  especially  upon  S.  psit- 
tacina,  the  pitchers  of  which  are  so  protected  by  the  hood  that  the  fluid  they 
contain  (if  any)  can  hardly  be  supposed  to  have  entered  by  the  orifice. 
That  the  water  in  the  open  pitchers  of  S.  purpurea  is  not  secreted  by  the 
internal  hairs,  as  Dr.  Lindley  and  Mr.  Bentham  suppose,*  would  appear 
from  the  fact,  that  the  younger  leaves  are  empty,  and  that  during  the  spring 
and  summer  it  is  those  of  the  previous  season,  from  which  these  hairs  (in 
this  species  very  long  and  delicate)  have  mostly  disappeared,  which  alone  or 
principally  are  found  to  contain  water. 

But,  however  derived,  this  water  serves  to  drown  the  flies  and  other  in- 
sects, which  these  leaves  are  admirably  adapted  to  catch  and  retain.  Ac- 
cording to  Elliott  and  others,  there  is  a  saccharine  exudation  at  the  throat  of 
the  Southern  species  which  attracts  insects  ;  but  this  is  not  noticeable  in  S. 
purpurea.  Immediately  below  the  surface  it  is  very  smooth  and  polished, 
and  still  lower  it  is  beset  with  sharp  hairs,  in  most  species  long  and  slender, 
or  else  like  those  of  the  hood  (in  S.  Drummondii  extremely  short  and  close), 
but  in  all  pointing  directly  downwards  so  as  to  allow  insects  to  descend,  but 
effectually  to  obstruct  their  return.  The  inner  surface  of  the  hood  is  like- 
wise lined  with  stiff  and  sharp  retrorse  bristles,  which  subserve  a  similar 
purpose,  except  in  S.  flava,  which  is  smooth ;  but  in  that  species  this  ap- 
pendage is  erect,  with  its  sides  turned  away  from  the  mouth  of  the  tube, 
which  thus  it  bears  no  part  in  guarding. 

An  anatomical  investigation  of  the  leaves  is  still  a  desideratum. 

The  six  described  species  of  Sarraeenia  are  all  restricted  to  the  Atlantic 
border  of  the  United  States,  from  Virginia  southward  ;  except  S.  purpurea, 
the  range  of  which  extends  from  Florida  to  Newfoundland,  and  northwest 
to  Ohio. 

*  Bentham,  in  Linn.  Trans.  18.  p.  421*. 


SARRACENIACEiE.  107 

Plate  45,  46. 
SARRACENIA,    Tourn. 

Calyx  3-bracteolatus,  5-sepalus.     Petala  5.      Stylus  um- 

braculifer,  persistens.     Capsula  5-locularis.  —  Scapus  ebrac- 

teatus,  uniflorus. 

Sarracena,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  657.  t.  476. 

Sarracenia,  Linn.  Gen.  885.      Mill.  Ic.  t.  241.      Bart.  Elem.  Bot.  t.  1. 

Nutt.  Gen.  2.  p.  10.     Croom,  in  Ann.  Lye.  New  York,  4.  p.  98. 

t.  6.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  1.  p.  58.     Endl.  Gen.  5023. 
Coilophylldm,  Morison,  Hist.  p.  533. 
Bucanaphyllum,  Pluk.  Aniallh.  t.  376.  f.  5,  6. 

Side-saddle  Flower.     Trumpets. 


Calyx  calyculate  at  the  base  by  three  small  coriaceous 
bractlets,  quincuncially  imbricated  in  aestivation :  sepals  5, 
ovate,  coriaceous,  colored  (dull  purple  or  yellowish),  spread- 
ing, persistent.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  broadly  unguiculate,  the  obovate  lamina  concave- 
connivent  over  the  pistil,  imbricated  in  aestivation,  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous  in  several  series,  de- 
ciduous :  filaments  filiform  or  subulate  :  anthers  oval,  fix- 
ed by  the  middle,  introrse ;  the  chartaceous  cells  opening 
longitudinally  down  the  inner  face  :  pollen  simple.  Ovary 
globular,  five-lobed,  five-celled  (the  cells  opposite  the  se- 
pals): the  style  columnar  from  its  umbilicate  summit,  ex- 
panded at  the  apex  into -a  very  large  and  petaloid  five-lobed 
and  five-rayed  umbrella-shaped  body  which  covers  the  ovary 
and  stamens,  the  five  slender  rays  terminating  in  the  emargi- 
nate  lobes  (alternate  with  the  petals),  and  stigmatose  at  their 
indexed  apex  underneath.  Ovules  very  numerous,  covering 
the  dilated  placenta  which  projects  from  the  axis  into  each 
cell,  anatropous. 

Capsule  protected  below  by  the  persistent  calyx  and 
above  by  the  umbrella-shaped  persistent  style,  globular,  cori- 
aceous, umbilicate,  five-lobed,  five-celled,  loculicidally  dehis- 


108  SARRACENIACE.E. 

cent,  the  five  valves  cohering  hy  the  dissepiments  with  the 
axis.  Seeds  very  numerous,  covering  the  projecting  axile 
placentas,  horizontal,  anatropous,  with  a  dilated  raphe  :  testa 
crustaceous.  Albumen  fleshy.  Embryo  very  small  in  the 
axis  next  the  hilum,  cylindrical :  cotyledons  short. 

Herbs  of  singular  aspect,  growing  in  bogs  and  marshes  ; 
with  fibrous  roots  from  a  short  perennial  rootstock,  produc- 
ing trumpet-shaped  or  pitcher-shaped  coriaceous  colored  and 
reticulated  leaves,  and  a  naked  scape  terminated  by  a  large 
(yellow  or  purple)  nodding  flower. 


Etymology.  Dedicated  to  Dr.  Sarrazin,  of  Quebec,  who  sent  the  north- 
ern species  to  Tournefort.  The  origin  of  the  popular  name,  Side-sadd/e 
Flower,  is  not  evident.  From  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  the  common  species 
is  called  Huntsman's  Cup;  and  the  tubular  leaves  of  S.  flava,  &c. ,  are  call- 
ed Trumpets  in  the  South. 


PLATE  45.     Sarracenia  purpurea,  Linn.;  —  with  rather  small  leaves  ; 
one  of  them  cut  across. 

1.  Flower-bud,  showing  the  calyculate  bractlets. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  iestivation,  &c,  including  an  enlarged  transverse  sec- 

tion of  the  ovary  (the  cells  alternate  with  the  petals). 
PLATE  46.     Analyses  of  the  flower  and  fruit. 

1.  A  sepal  ;  and  2,  a  petal ;  inside  view,  natural  size. 

3.  Outside,  and  4,  inside  view  of  a  stamen,  magnified. 

5.  Pistil,  with  two  stamens  left  on  the  receptacle  ;  natural  size. 

6.  Umbrella  of  the  style,  seen  from  above. 

7.  Same,  seen  from  underneath,  showing  the  stigmas. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  the  whole  pistil,  enlarged  (showing  two  stigmas). 

9.  Magnified  view  of  the  apex  of  one  of  the  lobes,  showing  the  stigma. 

10.  An  ovule,  magnified. 

11.  Capsule  dehiscing;  part  of  the  calyx  and  umbrella  torn  away. 

12.  Capsule  (with  the  persistent  style)  divided  transversely. 

13.  A  seed,  magnified. 

14.  Longitudinal  section  of  the  same  parallel  with  the  wing-like  raphe, 

showing  the  embryo  in  the  albumen. 

15.  Embryo,  detached  and  more  magnified. 


Ord.    PAPAVERACEtE. 

Herbas  (succo  lacteo  vel  croceo)  exstipulatas :  dicotyle- 
doneas,  hypogynas,  polyandras,  hermaphrodites ;  sepalis  peta- 
lisque  di  —  trimeris  regularibus  caducis  ;  ovario  uniloculari, 
placentis  2-20  parietalibus  pauci-multiovulatis ;  ovulis  ana- 
tropis ;  embryone  in  basi  albuminis  oleoso-carnosi  parvo. 

PapaveracEjE,  Juss.  Gen.  p.  236.  DC.  Syst.  2  p.  67.  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  60.    Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  p.  430. 

Papaverace*,  Subord.  1,  Bernh.  in  Linntea,  8.  p.  401  &  12.  p.  651. 
Endl.  Gen.  p.  854. 


The  Poppy  Family  is  usually  known,  among  the  hypogynous  polyan- 
drous  and  polypetalous  orders,  by  its  milky  or  colored,  and  narcotic  or  acrid 
juice ;  the  usually  alternate  and  lobed  or  divided  leaves  without  stipules ;  the 
caducous  calyx  of  only  two  or  three  sepals ;  the  early  deciduous  petals  of 
twice,  thrice,  or  some  higher  multiple  of  the  same  number,  imbricated  and 
commonly  crumpled  in  aestivation,  and  by  the  one-celled  compound  ovary, 
composed  of  from  two  to  twenty  carpels,  with  as  many  parietal  placentae, 
which  usually  separate  from  the  edges  of  the  valves  of  the  capsule  in  dehis- 
cence. The  anatropous  seeds  are  frequently  crested  at  the  raphe  ;  and  the 
embryo  is  small  or  minute  at  the  base  of  the  copious  fleshy  and  usually  oily 
albumen.  They  are  principally  annuals.  One  genus,  Dendromecon  of  Cal- 
ifornia, alone  is  shrubby  :  and  a  most  remarkable  anomaly  is  presented  by 
another  Californian  genus  (Platystemon,  Bcnth.),  which  has  a  cluster  or 
whorl  of  apocarpous  pistils  ! 

The  family  consists  of  about  19  genera,  none  of  which  is  numerous  in 
species  except  Papaver  itself.  Much  the  larger  part  of  the  order  belongs  to 
the  South  of  Europe  and  the  adjacent  portion  of  Asia.  Another  focus  is 
found  in  a  country  of  very  similar  climate,  namely  in  California,  to  which, 
and  to  the  regions  adjacent,  seven  or  eight  of  the  genera  are  peculiar.  One 
or  two  perennial  Poppies  alone  are  arctic,  and  constitute  the  only  represent- 
atives of  the  typical  genus  in  the  New  World.  Chelidonium,  the  Celan- 
dine, is  a  common  weed  around  dwellings,  but  has  been  introduced  from 
Europe.  It  is  remarkable  that,  among  our  numerous  weeds,  imported  with 
grain,  &c,  the  Corn-Poppies  of  the  Old  World  have  not  found  a  place,  ex- 
cept in  one  or  two  local  instances. 


110  PAPAVERACE.E. 

The  well-known  narcotic  properties  of  the  Poppy  pervade  the  order,  ex- 
isting in  the  milky  or  colored  juice  ;  which,  however,  is  extremely  acrid  rath- 
er than  narcotic  in  some  genera,  as  in  the  Celandine.  The  oily  seeds  of  the 
Poppy  are  bland  and  wholesome  :  but  those  of  the  Prickly  Poppy  are  said 
to  be  acrid  and  noxious. 

Most  Papaveraceaj  have  showy  flowers,  and  many  are  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment ;  particularly  the  Poppy  itself,  and  Eschscholtzia. 

The  three  genera  which  alone  are  indigenous  within  the  United  States 
proper,  namely,  Argemone,  Stylophorum,  and  Sanguinaria,  scarcely  require 
a  conspectus. 


PAPAVERACE/E.  Ill 

Plate  47. 
ARGEMONE,    Tourn. 

Sepala2  — 3,  muricata.  Petala  4  vel  6.  Stigmata  4-7, 
subsessilia,  discreta.  Capsula  oblonga,  saepius  muricata, 
apice  4  -  7-valvis  ;  placentis  intervalvularibus  filiformibus, 
intus  haud  productis,  polyspermis.  Sernina  scrobiculata, 
raphe  nuda.  —  Herba  setosa,  succo  flavo ;  foliis  sessilibus 
inciso-piimatifidis,  dentibus  spinulosis.     Alabastra  erecta. 

Argemone,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  220.  t.  121.     Linn.  Gen.  649.     Gfertn.  Fr.  t. 
60.    Lara.  111.  t.  452.    DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  85.    Endl.  Gen.  4821. 

PricbJy  Poppy. 


Calyx  of  2  or  3  concave  herbaceous  sepals,  nearly  valvate 
in  aestivation,  prickly  outside,  horned  at  the  apex,  caducous. 
Petals  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  imbricated  in  two  series 
and  more  or  less  crumpled  in  aestivation,  hypogynous,  dilat- 
ed obovate-cuneiform,  deciduous.  Stamens  indefinite,  hy- 
pogynous :  filaments  filiform :  anthers  innate,  oblong,  the 
cells  opening  longitudinally  by  a  slightly  extrorse  line. 
Ovary  oblong,  clothed  with  bristly  prickles,  strictly  one- 
celled,  with  4  to  7  parietal  placentas  which  do  not  project 
into  the  cell :  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  as  many  as  the  placen- 
tae and  placed  directly  over  them,  distinct,  oval,  disciform, 
radiant.  Ovules  numerous  in  several  rows  on  each  placen- 
ta, ascending,  anatropous;  the  raphe  superior. 

Capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  usually  prickly,  many-seeded, 
4  -  7-valved  at  the  apex,  leaving  a  replum  of  as  many  fili- 
form intervalvular  placentas  which  remain  united  by  the 
stigmas.  Seeds  horizontal,  obovate-spherical,  with  a  salient 
smooth  and  naked  raphe ;  the  crustaceous  testa  deeply  re- 
ticulated-scrobiculate.  Embryo  cylindrical,  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen,  and  two  thirds  its  length !  cotyledons  as 
long  as  the  radicle. 


112  PAPAVERACE/E. 

Herbs  of  a  glaucous  appearance,  with  annual,  biennial,  or 
rarely  perennial  roots,  branching  stems  beset  with  prickly 
bristles  and  abounding  with  a  yellow  juice,  and  alternate 
pinnatifid-incised  sessile  leaves,  which  are  often  mottled 
with  white  along  the  midrib ;  the  lobes  and  teeth  spinulose- 
pointed.  Flowers  terminal  and  solitary,  short-peduncled  or 
subsessile,  not  drooping  in  the  bud  (as  in  the  Poppy  and 
most  of  the  allied  genera) :  petals  yellow  or  white. 


Etymology  and  Properties.  Name  said  to  be  derived  from  dpye/ia,  a 
disease  of  the  eye  ;  the  acrid  juice  being  a  native  ophthalmic  medicine.  The 
seeds  share  in  the  active  properties  of  the  plant ;  and  are  employed  in  the 
West  Indies  as  a  substitute  for  Ipecacuanha,  and  in  South  America  as  a 
purgative. 

Geographical  Distribution.  The  few  species  are  natives  of  tropical 
America  and,  apparently,  of  the  southern  border  of  the  United  States  ;  but 
A.  Mexicana  has  been  from  an  early  period  widely  diffused  over  the  world. 


PLATE  47.     Argemone  Mexicana,  Linn.  ;  —  summit  of  a  stem,  with  a 
flower-bud,  flower,  and  unripe  pod  ;  natural  size. 

1.  A  sepal,  detached  ;  seen  from  the  inner  side. 

2.  A  magnified  stamen,  outside  view  ;   and  3,  seen  obliquely  edgewise. 

4.  Pistil  enlarged  ;  the  ovary  divided  longitudinally. 

5.  Transverse  section  of  the  same. 

6.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

7.  A  capsule,  dehiscent ;  natural  size. 

8.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

9.  Longitudinal  section  of  the  same  ;   showing  the  embryo,  which  is  re- 

markably large  for  this  family 


PAPAVERACE.fi  1  13 

Plate  48. 
STYLOPHORUM,  Nutt. 

Sepala  2,  pilosa.  Petala  4,  orbicularia.  Stylus  columna- 
ris,  longus :  stigma  3  -  4-lobum.  Capsula  ovoidea,  setulosa, 
polysperma,  3  — 4-valvis,  placentis  intervalvularibus  filiformi- 
bus  intus  haud  productis.  Semina  cristata.  —  Folia  petio- 
lata,  1  -  2-pinnatifida.     Alabastra  nutantia.     Succus  flavus. 

Stylophorum,  Nutt.  Gen.  2.  p.  7.     Bernh.  in  Linna?a,  8.  p.  461.     Meisn. 

Gen.  p.  7.     Endl.  Gen.  4S20. 
Meconopsis,  Sect.  Stylophorum,  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  87.      Torr.  &  Gray, 

Fl.  1.  p.  CI. 

Celandine  Poppy. 


Calyx  of  2  rounded  and  very  concave  herbaceous  sepals, 
hairy  outside,  their  margins  slightly  overlapping  in  aestiva- 
tion, caducous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  nearly  orbicular, 
imbricated  two  and  two  and  slightly  crumpled  in  aestivation, 
spreading,  early  deciduous.  Stamens  indefinite  (20  or  more), 
hypogynous :  filaments  filiform :  anthers  oblong,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally  by  a  slightly  extrorse  line.  Ovary 
ovoid,  strictly  one-celled,  with  3  or  4  parietal  placentae 
which  do  not  project  into  the  cell :  style  columnar,  slen- 
der:  stigma  3 -4-lobed,  spreading  (the  lobes  alternate  with 
the  placentas).  Ovules  numerous,  horizontal,  in  two  or 
three  rows  on  each  placenta,  anatropous. 

Capsule  ovoid,  herbaceo-coriaceous,  beset  with  weak  bris- 
tles, many-seeded,  3  -  4-valved  to  the  base,  leaving  a  replum 
of  as  many  filiform  intervalvular  placentas  united  by  the 
style.  Seeds  globular,  with  a  conspicuously  crested  raphe  : 
testa  crustaceous,  minutely  scrobiculate-reticulated.  Em- 
bryo minute  and  short  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs  with  perennial  roots,  yellow  juice,  and  somewhat 
hispid  or  setose  stems ;  the  leaves  alternate  (or  the  floral  op- 
posite),  petioled.    1 -2-pinnatifid.       Flowers  showy  (yellow 


114  PAPAVERACE.E. 

or  brick-red),  somewhat  corymbose  or  umbellate,  on  slender 
naked  peduncles ;  the  buds  and  pods  drooping. 


Etymology.  From  arvKos,  a  style,  and  <f>epa,  to  bear;  the  conspicuous 
style  being  one  of  the  characteristics  of  the  genus. 

Properties.     The  juice  is  acrid,  much  like  that  of  the  Celandine. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  two  species,  one  of  which 
belongs  to  the  Northwestern  United  States ;  the  other  to  the  Himalayan 
Mountains.  —  Our  species  bears  very  showy  yellow  flowers,  and  continues 
to  blossom  through  the  summer. 


PLATE  48.     Stylophorum    diphyllum,    Nutl. ;  —  a   vernal  specimen; 
natural  size.    (Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge  ;  from  Ohio,  Dr.  Short.) 

1 .  Diagram  of  the  aestivation  and  parts  of  the  flower,  in  a  cross  section. 

2.  A  sepal,  of  the  natural  size  ;  inside  view. 

3.  A  petal,  natural  size. 

4.  A  magnified  stamen  ;  outside  view. 

5.  Pistil,  magnified. 

6.  A  transverse  section  of  the  same. 

7.  A  magnified  ovule,   after   fertilization,   showing   the   incipient   crest, 

which  grows  from  the  raphe. 

8.  A  capsule,  of  the  natural  size  (rather  small). 

9.  A  capsule,  dehiscent  to  the  base  by  4  valves,  and.seeds. 

10.  The  persistent  intervalvular  placentae  and  style  of  the  same. 

11.  A  magnified  seed;  the  crested  raphe  towards  the  eye. 

12.  Longitudinal  section  of  the  same  through  the  raphe,  and  the  embryo. 

13.  Embryo,  detached  and  more  magnified. 


PAPAVERACE.E.  115 


Plate  49. 
SANGUINARIA,    Dill. 

Sepala  2.     Petala  8  -  12,  oblonga  vel  spathulata,  aestiva- 

tione  haud  corrugata.     Stamina  24.     Stylus  brevis,  stigmate 

bisulco.     Capsula  oblonga,  2-valvis ;  placentis  2  intervalvu- 

laribus  polyspermis.     Semina  cristata.  —  Scapus  uniflorus  et 

folium  unicum  palmatilobum,  vernatione  florem  involvens, 

e  gemma  bivalvi  rhizomate  crasso  enata,  primo  vere  orientes. 

Sadguinaria,  Dillen.  Hort.  Elth.  p.  334.  t.  252.  Linn.  Gen.  645.  Lam. 
111.  t.  449.  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  88.  Bigel.  Med.  Bot.  1.  p.  75.  t.  7. 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  62.    Endl.  Gen.  4818. 

Blood-root. 


Calyx  of  2  ovate  sepals,  slightly  imbricated  in  aestivation, 
caducous.  Petals  8  to  12,  obovate-oblong  or  spatulate,  im- 
bricated in  two  or  three  series,  hypogynous,  spreading,  the 
innermost  often  narrower,  early  deciduous.  Stamens  about 
24,  hypogynous,  much  shorter  than  the  petals :  filaments 
filiform,  short  :  anthers  oblong-linear,  innate,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally  by  a  marginal  and  obscurely  extrorse 
line.  Ovary  oblong,  one-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentas : 
style  short,  columnar :  stigma  broad,  sulcate  -  two-lobed,  the 
lobes  alternate  with  the  placentae.  Ovules  very  numerous, 
horizontal  in  several  rows  on  the  two  placentae,  anatropous. 

Capsule  oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  herbaceo-coria- 
ceous,  many-seeded,  pointed  by  the  short  persistent  style, 
two-valved ;  the  valves  separating  from  the  replum  formed 
of  the  two  intervalvular  filiform  placentas.  Seeds  horizon- 
tal, obovoid,  with  a  smooth  crustaceous  testa,  the  raphe 
strongly  crested.  Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy 
albumen,  cordate. 

Herb  with  a  large  branching  tuberous  rhizoma,  surcharg- 
ed with  orange-red  juice,  sending  up  in  earliest  spring,  from 


1 10  I'AI'AVERACEjE. 

terminal  2-3-valved  buds,  a  long-petioled  leaf  and  a  naked 
one-flowered  scape.  Leaf  roundish,  palmately  5  -  9-ribbed 
and  obtusely  5  —  9-lobed,  reticulated-veiny,  wrapped  around 
the  flower-bud  when  it  rises  from  the  ground,  much  en- 
larged after  expansion  and  becoming  reniform.  Flower 
large  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  handsome  :  petals  white. 


Etymology.  Name  from  sayiguis,  blood,  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the 
juice,  which  flows  copiously  from  the  rootstock  or  petioles  when  wounded. 

Properties.  An  acrid  narcotic,  the  former  quality  prevailing  ;  of  con- 
siderable importance  and  promise  in  the  materia  medica.  The  active  prop- 
erties appear  to  be  principally  due  to  a  peculiar,  extremely  acrid  alkaloid 
principle,  called  sanguinarina.  The  juice  was  used  by  the  aborigines  as  a 
paint  or  dye ;  and  hence,  like  several  other  tinctorial  plants,  it  was  called 
Puccoon. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Common,  in  rich  woods,  throughout  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  • 


PLATE  49.     Sanguinaria   Canadensis,  Linn.;  —  vernal   plant,  of  the 
natural  size. 

1.  A  sepal,  enlarged,  seen  from  the  inside. 

2.  A  petal,  equally  enlarged. 

3.  An  enlarged  stamen,  seen  from  the  inner  side. 

4.  Same,  seen  obliquely  from  the  outer  side. 

5.  Pistil,  enlarged  ;  and  6,  same,  divided  transversely. 

7.  An  ovule,  magnified. 

8.  A  pod,  of  the  natural  size. 

9.  Same,  the  valves  cut  away  ;  the  seeds  removed  from  the  placenta;  above. 

10.  A  seed,  enlarged,  with  its  large,  crested  raphe. 

11.  Section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen. 
10.  Emhrvo,  detached  and  more  magnified. 


Ord.  fumariacej:. 

Herbae  tenerse  (succo  aqueo  innocuo),  dissectifoliae,  exsti- 
pulatae :  dicotyledoneas,  hypogynae,  hermaphrodita?,  dimerae  ; 
petalis  4  cruciatis  irregularibus  ;  staminibus  6  diadelphis 
dimorphis ;  ovario  uniloculari,  placentis  2  parietalibus ;  ovu- 
lis  amphitropis ;  embryone  in  basi  albuminis  subcurvati 
minimo. 

Fcmariaceje,  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  105,  &  Prodr.  1.  p.  125.    Meisn.  Gen.  p.  8. 

Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  p.  435. 
Papaverace^e,  Subord.  Fumariace.e,  Bernh.  in  Linnaea,  8.  p.  401,  473. 

Endl.  Gen.  p.  858. 


The  Fumitory  Family  accords  so  nearly  with  Papaveracea?  in  the  struc- 
ture of  the  fruit  and  seeds,  that  these  plants  were  included  in  that  order  by 
Jussieu,  and  are  still  regarded  by  eminent  botanists  as  forming  merely  a  di- 
vision of  it  with  irregular  flowers.  Indeed,  of  the  botanists  who  receive  the 
family  as  distinct,  some  admit  Hypecoum  and  its  allies  to  form  a  component 
part  of  it  (as  does  Lindley,  notwithstanding  his  removing  the  family  to 
another  alliance  than  that  which  contains  the  Poppy  Family),  while  others 
exclude  them.  According  to  the  latter  view,  which  is  manifestly  to  be  adopt- 
ed when  (from  considerations  of  convenience  chiefly)  the  family  is  kept  dis- 
tinct, Fumariaceaj  are  to  be  characterized  by  the  irregular  1  -  2-spurred  or 
saccate  corolla,  the  four  connivent  petals  of  which,  or  at  least  the  two  inner, 
are  more  or  less  coherent ;  and  by  the  diadelphous  stamens,  placed  three  in 
each  set  before  the  exterior  petals,  with  dimorphous  anthers  ;  the  central  one 
of  each  set  being  two-celled,  while  the  lateral  are  only  one-celled  and  but  half 
the  size.  The  anthers  with  the  stigma  remain  inclosed  in  the  little,  cavity 
formed  by  the  cohesion  of  the  spoon-shaped  tips  of  the  two  inner  petals, 
which  never  open.  The  bitterish  or  slightly  acid  and  watery  (instead  of 
colored  or  milky)  juice  is  not  diagnostic  :  for  it  is  quite  the  same  in  Esch- 
scholtzia  and  other  undoubted  Papaveraceae,  which  apparently  are  equally 
destitute  of  any  narcotic  quality. 

To  account  for  the  nature  and  position  of  the  four  stamens  with  one-celled 
anthers,  De  Candolle  suggested  that  these  result  from  the  fission  of  the  two 
stamens  of  the  inner  series  which  (in  the  regular  symmetry  of  the  binary 
flower)  should  stand  before  the  inner  petals;  —  a  view  which  was  reproduced 


118  FUMARIACE^. 

by  Lindley  (Inlrod.  to  Nat.  System,  ed.  1,  etc.).  On  the  other  hand,  M. 
Gay  has  recently  maintained,*  that  these  are  the  four  normal  stamens  of  a 
complete  inner  verticel,  while  two  of  those  of  the  outer  vertic'el  (with  2-cell- 
ed  anthers)  are  wanting,  and  that  the  flower  is  therefore  really  hexandrous 
and  with  the  same  arrangement  as  in  Cruciferas.  The  objection  to  this 
view  is,  that  it  presupposes  a  truly  quaternary,  instead  of  a  binary,  plan  of 
the  flower. 

Taking  a  still  different  view,  I  presume  that  the  lateral  stamens  in  this 
case  will  be  found  to  arise  by  the  process  called  "  didoubhment "  by  the 
French  botanists  (happily  translated  deduplication  by  Mr.  Henfrey)  ;  —  a 
mode  of  increase  in  the  number  of  ■parts,  particularly  of  the  stamens,  which 
must  be  allowed  to  occur  in  analogous  cases,  if  the  observations  of  Duchatre 
were  accurately  made,  and  which  is  not  at  all  incompatible  with  received 
morphological  views ;  for  a  single  phyton  may  as  readily  give  rise  to  a  clus- 
ter of  stamens  as  to  the  several  leaflets  of  a  digitate  leaf. 

The  two  sepals  are  anterior  and  posterior  and  the  carpels  lateral  (right 
and  left  as  respects  the  axis),  just  as  in  Cruciferse ;  hut,  by  the  torsion  of 
the  pedicel  in  flower,  the  carpels,  with  the  outer  petals  to  which  they  corre- 
spond, appear  to  be  anterior  and  posterior. 

As  to  sensible  qualities,  Fumariaceas  are  slightly  bitter  and  astringent,  or 
with  the  tubers,  &c,  a  little  acrid  ;  but  of  no  especial  importance. 

This  small  order,  with  the  exception  of  two  species  indigenous  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  belongs  entirely  to  the  temperate  zone,  and  chiefly  to 
the  Old  World.  One  species  of  the  genus  Fumaria  (which  gives  its  name 
to  the  order,  although  it  is  a  greatly  simplified  form,  as  to  the  fruit,  which 
is  reduced  to  a  one-seeded  nutlet)  is  sparingly  naturalized  around  old  gar- 
dens and  dwellings  in  the  Northern  States.  The  indigenous  representatives 
of  the  family  in  North  America,  scarcely  a  dozen  in  number,  are  restricted 
to  three  genera ;  namely,  Dicentra  and  Adlumia,  with  both  of  the  exterior 
petals  gibbous  or  saccate  at  the  base,  and  Corydatis,  in  which  only  one  of 
them  is  saccate  or  spurred. 

*  In  Jinn.  Sci.  JVat.  ser.  2.  (Oct.  1842.)  2.  p.  216. 


FUMARIACE.E.  119 


Plate  50. 
DICENTRA,  Borkh. 

Corolla  aequaliter  2-calcarata  vel  2-saccata,  saepius  decidua ; 
petalis  distinctis.     Capsula  siliquosa ;  seminibus  cristatis. 

Dicentra,  Borkh.  in  Rom.  Arch.  2.  p.  40  (err.  typogr.  Dichjtra).    Bernh. 

in  Linnsea,  8.  p.  468.     Meisn.  Gen.  p.  10.     Endl.  Gen.  4836. 
Diclytba,  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  107,  &  Prodr.  1.  p.  125. 
Dielytra,  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  1.  p.  35.     Torr.  &.  Gray,  Fl.  1.  p.  66. 
Fumarls  Sp.,  Linn.     Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  t.  395.     Michx.  Fl.  2.  p.  51. 
Corydalis  Sp.,  Neck.     Pers.     Nutt.  Gen.  2.  p.  85. 
Cdcullaria,  Raf.  in  Med.  Rep.  2.  p.  350,  &  Desv.  Jour.  Bot.  2.  p.  159. 
Perizomanthus,  Pursh.  Fl.  2.  p.  462  (sub  Corydali),  excl.  spec. 

Brceclies-Flower.     Squirrel-corn. 


Calyx  of  2  very  small  petaloid  or  scarious  sepals,  resem- 
bling bractlets,  never  inclosing  the  flower-bud.  Corolla 
cordate,  or  two-spurred  at  the  base,  compressed,  hypogynous, 
of  4  connivent  but  distinct  petals  in  two  series ;  the  two 
exterior  larger,  alternate  with  the  sepals,  similar,  saccate  or 
calcarate  at  the  base,  appressed,  inclosing  the  inner  pair  ex- 
cept their  midribs  and  apex,  contracted  above,  and  with  short 
and  spreading  hooded  tips :  the  two  interior  opposite  the 
sepals,  unguiculate,  spoon-shaped  or  excavate-hooded  at  the 
apex,  where  the  two  lightly  but  permanently  cohere  over  the 
anthers  and  stigma,  their  prominent  midrib  dilated  at  the  sum- 
mit to  form  a  salient  crest :  all  deciduous,  or  else  scarious-per- 
sistent  around  the  base  of  the  pod.  Stamens  6,  in  two  sets 
of  three  each,  one  set  opposite  each  outer  petal  and  lightly 
cohering  with  its  insertion  and  with  a  linear  (or  sometimes 
nearly  obsolete)  gland  that  descends  into  the  spur  or  sac : 
filaments  subulate-filiform,  distinct,  or  the  three  slightly 
united,  especially  about  the  middle :  anthers  more  or  less 
extrorse,  fixed  by  the  base,  that  of  the  middle  stamen  two- 
celled,  those  of  the  lateral  one-celled  ;  the  cells  opening  lon- 
gitudinally.    Ovary  one-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentas 


120  FUMARIACE.E. 

placed  opposite  the  inner  sepals  :  style  subulate  or  filiform  : 
stigma  crest-like,  flattened  contrary  to  the  placentae,  2  -  4- 
lobed  or  horned.  Ovules  numerous,  horizontal  in  two  rows 
on  each  placenta,  between  amphitropous  and  anatropous. 

Capsule  siliquaeform,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  membrana- 
ceous ;  the  two  valves  separable  from  the  filiform  interval- 
vular  placentas,  which  remain  with  the  persistent  style. 
Seeds  several,  globular-reniform,  with  a  shining  crustaceous 
testa,  conspicuously  crested  at  the  hilum.  Embryo  minute, 
at  the  narrowed  base  of  I  he  fleshy  albumen  next  the  hilum. 

Herbs  low  and  acaulescent  ;  the  slender  rootstocks  tuber- 
iferous  or  granuliferous,  sending  up  slender  petioles  support- 
ing a  ternately-compound  leaf  with  pinnately  multifid  divis- 
ions, and  scapes,  bearing  a  simple  raceme  or  else  cymulose 
clusters  of  handsome  (white,  purple,  or  cream-colored)  flow- 
ers.    Pedicels  bracteate  and  bibracteolate,  nodding. 


Etymology.  From  Sty,  double,  and  Kivrpov,  spur.  A  slip  or  typograph- 
ical error  by  Borkhausen  (who  however  gave  the  derivation  correctly)  gave 
rise  to  much  confusion  respecting  the  name,  as  the  synonymy  shows. 

Geographical  Distribution  and  Division.     A  genus  of  a  few  North 
American  and  two  Siberian  species.     (D.  chrysantha,  Hook.  6f  Am.,  from 
California,  will  probably  be  found  not  to  belong  to  the  genus.)  —  Our  species 
form  two  sections,  to  be  characterized  differently  from  Bernhardi,  as  follows. 
§  1.  Cucullaria,  Raf.  — Flowers  simply  racemose,  vernal  (either  2-gib- 
bous  or  2-spurred).    Gland  at  the  base  of  the  stamens  spur-like.    Calyx 
and  corolla  early  deciduous.     (D.  Cucullaria  and  D.  Canadensis.) 
§  2.  Capnorchis,  Borkh.  ex  Endl.    (Eucapnos,  Bernh.)  — Raceme  com- 
pound ;  the  flowers  c.ymulose-fascicled,  produced  through  the  summer. 
Glands  obsolete.     Floral  envelopes  marcescent !     (D.  formosa  &  D. 
eximia.) 


PLATE  50.     Fig.  1-5.     Dicentra  Canadensis,  DC.  (under  Diclylra). 

1.  Dissected  flower,  enlarged;  with  2,  the  inner  petals,  removed. 

3.  Upper  part  of  one  set  of  stamens,  more  magnified. 

4.  Enlarged  pistil,  the  ovary  cut  across  to  show  the  ovulation. 

5.  A  fertilized  ovule,  magnified  ;  the  crest  appearing  from  the  raphe  above. 

6.  Ripe  pod,  with  the  persistent  floral  envelopes,  of  D.  eximia. 

7.  Same,  with  the  valves  detached  from  the  replum,  and  seeds  fallen. 

8.  A  seed,  from  the  same,  and  9,  a  section  through  the  crest ;  magnified. 
10.  The  embryo  taken  from  the  last,  and  highly  magnified. 


FUMARIACE.E.  121 


Plate  51. 
ADLUMIA,    Raf. 

Corolla  e  petalis  4  coalitis,  basi  2-saccata,  marcescenti- 
persistens,  capsulam  siliquosam  iiicludens.  Semina  ecrista- 
ta.  —  Herba  scandens,  petiolis  cirrhiformibus. 

Adlumia,  Raf.  in  N.  Y.  Med.  Repos.  (hex.  2.)  5.  p.  350,  &in  Desv.  Jour. 

Bot.  2.  p.  169.      DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  111.      Bernh.  in  Linnaja,  1.  c. 

Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  68.    Endl.  Gen.  4837. 
Corydalis  Sp.,  Vent.  Choix.  t.  19. 


Calyx  of  2  small  and  scarious  sepals,  deciduous.  Co- 
rolla as  in  Dicentra,  but  the  petals  all  firmly  coalescent 
into  an  ovate-cordate  body,  which  is  marcescent-persistent 
and  perfectly  incloses  the  mature  pod.  Stamens  as  in  Di- 
centra, except  that  the  filaments  of  each  set  are  united 
nearly  to  the  top  into  a  lanceolate  scarious  synema.  Ovary 
linear-lanceolate,  one-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentae : 
style  subulate  :  stigma  flattened  and  dilated  contrary  to  the 
placentae,  two-lobed.  Ovules  4  to  6  on  each  placenta,  alter- 
nately inserted  in  a  single  series,  horizontal,  nearly  anatro- 
pous  ;  the  raphe  superior. 

Capsule  siliquaeform,  lanceolate,  tipped  with  the  persist- 
ent style  and  stigma,  always  covered  by  the  marcescent 
corolla,  inclosed  within  the  inner  petals  and  the  stamineal 
sheath,  two-valved,  the  intervalvular  filiform  placenta;  form- 
ing a  replum.  Seeds  8  to  12,  alternately  inserted  on  each 
placenta  in  a  single  series,  horizontal,  obovoid-reniform,  na- 
ked (not  crested  at  the  raphe  or  hilum);  the  black  crusta- 
ceous  testa  smooth  and  shining.  Albumen  fleshy,  reniform- 
incurved.  Embryo  small,  cylindrical,  in  the  hilar  curvature 
of  the  albumen. 

Herb  biennial,  with  elongated  branching  stems,  climbing 
gracefully  by  its  tendril-like  young  petioles ;  the  leaves  al- 
ternate,  3  -  4-ternately    or   pinnately   decompound,   with  a 

9 


122  FUMARIACE^E. 

very  short  general  petiole,  but  with  elongated  secondary  di- 
visions :  leaflets  delicate,  3  —  5-lobed.  Flowers  in  axillary 
cymulose  panicles,  drooping  on  slender  pedicels,  white,  ting- 
ed with  rose-color. 


Etymology.  Dedicated  to  the  late  Major  Adlum,  an  amateur  botanist 
and  cultivator. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  a  single  species,  native  of 
damp  tcopses,  &c,  in  the  Northern  United  States,  and  often  cultivated  to 
form  light  and  delicate  bowers  in  shady  places. 


PLATE  51.     Adlumia  cirrhosa,  Rqf. ;  —  branch  with  a  single  leaf  and 
panicle,  natural  size.     (Cambridge  Botanic  Garden.) 

1.  An  enlarged  persistent  flower  divided  vertically,  showing  the  stamens, 

with  the  anthers  withdrawn  from  the  cavity  at  the  tip  of  the  inner 
petals,  and  the  included  capsule,  one  of  the  placentas  towards  the 
eye. 

2.  A  flower,  at  an  earlier  stage,  with  the  sepals  still  present,  cut  across 

towards  the  summit,  enlarged. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  flower  ;  the  two  exterior  lines  representing  the  sepals  ; 

the  next  the  outer,  the  others  the  inner  pair  of  petals,  as  they 
would  appear  in  a  cross  section  at  their  free  summits :  the  inclosed 
rounded  figures  represent  the  anthers,  three  in  each  set,  and  the 
central  figure  is  a  section  of  the  ovary. 

4.  Anthers  of  one  set,  magnified;  seen  from  the  outside. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary,  magnified,  showing  the  ovules. 
C.  Transverse  section  of  the  same,  in  the  same  position. 

7.  The  replum,  enlarged,  with  two  seeds  attached. 

8.  A  seed,  magnified. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  albumen  and  the  embryo. 
10.  Embryo,  detached,  and  more  magnified. 


fumariace/e  123 

Plate  52. 
CORYDALIS,    Vent.,  Bernh. 

Corolla  unicalcarata,  ringens,  decidua.  Capsula  silkmosa, 
polysperma,  stylo  persistente.  Semina  crista  concava  saspe 
conchiformi  strophiolata.  —  Caulis  ramosus  e  radice  subsim- 
plici. 

Corydalis,  Vent,  ex  DC.     Bernh.  in  Linnaja,  7.  p.  604.  (non  Neck.) 
Corydalis,  Sect.  Capnoides,  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  122.  excl.  C.  Capnoides. 
Corydalis,  Sect.  Capnites,  Endl.  Gen.  4839.    non  DC. 
Fumarij:  Sp.,  Linn.     Juss.     Lam. 


Calyx  of  2  very  small  sepals  resembling  bractlets,  decid- 
uous. Corolla  of  4  hypogynous  petals,  deciduous,  irregu- 
lar, ringent  at  the  summit,  where  the  two  exterior  are  alike, 
the  larger  (and  in  the  full-grown  flower  becoming  the  upper) 
one  alone  calcarate  or  saccate  at  the  base :  the  two  interior 
opposite  the  sepals,  similar,  much  smaller  than  the  exte- 
rior which  inclose  them,  unguiculate,  spoon-shaped,  then- 
concave  tips  cohering  over  the  stigma  and  anthers,  their  keel 
enlarging  into  a  salient  dorsal  crest  at  the  summit.  Stamens 
6,  diadelphous,  hypogynous,  one  set  inserted  opposite  each 
outer  petal ;  the  filaments  united  nearly  to  the  tip  into  a  di- 
lated membranaceous  synema :  the  middle  anther  of  each 
set  two-celled,  the  lateral  one-celled  (as  in  Dicentra,  &c). 
A  hypogynous  gland  or  spur  just  under  the  insertion  of  the 
corresponding  synema  projects  into  the  spur  or  sac  of  the 
upper  petal.  Ovary  one-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentae 
opposite  the  inner  petals  :  style  subulate  :  stigma  flattened 
and  two-lobed  contrary  to  the  placentae.  Ovules  indefinite, 
horizontal,  alternately  inserted  in  a  single  row  upon  each 
placenta,  nearly  amphitropous  ;  the  raphe  superior. 

Capsule  siliqueeform,  one-celled,  tipped  with  the  persist- 
ent style  and  stigma,  several  —  many-seeded,  two-valved  ■ 
the  valves  separating  from  the  replum  formed  of  the  persist- 


124  FUMARIACEiE. 

ent  filiform  intervalvular  placental;.  Seeds  globular-reni- 
form,  with  a  smooth  and  shining  crustaceous  testa,  partly 
covered  by  a  concave  or  shell-shaped  hilar  crest.  Embryo 
minute,  at  the  smaller  curved  extremity  of  the  fleshy  albu- 
men, next  the  hilum :  cotyledons  as  long  as  the  radicle, 
foliaceous  and  lanceolate  in  germination. 

Herbs  with  slender  or  simple  roots  (no  tuberous  caudex), 
often  biennial  or  annual ;  the  stem  more  or  less  branching, 
and  with  ternately  or  pinnately  compound  or  dissected  leaves. 
Racemes  terminal,  or  becoming  opposite  the  leaves,  bracte- 
ate,  often  yellow  or  purple. 


Etymology.  An  ancient  name  for  the  "crested  lark,"  and  for  some 
plant  of  the  Fumitory  family,  which  probably  took  the  name  from  the  spur 
of  the  flower,  somewhat  like  that  of  the  Larkspur. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &o.  Natives  of  the  northern  temperate 
zone,  much  the  greater  part  Siberian.  The  two  species  in  the  United 
States,  with  one  on  the  Pacific  coast,  belong  to  the  genus  as  restricted  by 
Bernhardi,  whose  view  it  is  therefore  most  convenient  to  adopt. 


PLATE  52.  Corydalis  aurea,  Willd.  ;  —  summit  of  a  stem  in  flower 
and  fruit;  natural  size.  (Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge  ;  from  Ver- 
mont, Oakcs.) 

1.  A  flower  (with  a  bractlet),  enlarged. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  disposition  of  its  parts. 

3.  A  dissected  flower,  more  enlarged ;  with  4,  its  pair  of  inner  petals. 

5.  Pistil,  more  enlarged,  its  base  cut  away,  showing  a  section  of  the  ovary. 

6.  Vertical  section  of  the  lower  part,  showing  the  ovules. 

7.  An  ovule,  more  magnified  (the  incipient  crest  forming  from  the  raphe). 

8.  Enlarged  replum  of  a  pod,  and  seeds;  the  valves  fallen  away. 

9.  A  seed,  with  its  crest,  more  magnified. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  the  same  ;  showing  the  minute  embryo  in  place. 

11.  Embryo,  detached  and  more  magnified- 


Ord.    CRUCIFERJ1. 

Herbas  exstipulatas,  alternifoliae  (succo  aqueo  pungente) : 
dicotyledoneae,  hypogynae,  hermaphroditae,  tetramerae  ;  sepa- 
lis  et  fetalis  4  cruciformibus ;  staminibus  tetradynamis ; 
siliqua  septo  membranaceo  inter  placentas  2  parietales  saspis- 
sime  biloculari ;  ovulis  campylotropis  vel  amphitropis ;  semi- 
nibus  exalbuminosis,  cotyledonibus  radicular  accumbentibus 
vel  incumbentibus. 

Cruciformes,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  210. 

Tetradynam*:,  Linn.  Gen.  p.  329. 

Sii.i9.uosa:,  Linn.  Prelect,  ed.  Giesek.  p.  481.  , 

Cruciferx,  Adans.  Fani.  2.  p.  409.     Juss.  Gen.  p.  237.     DC.  Syst.  2.  p. 

139,  &  Prodr.  1.  p.  131.     Endl.  Gen.  p.  861. 
Brassic ace*,  Lindl.  Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2.  p.  58,  &  Veg.  Kingd.  p.  351 . 


The  Mustard  or  Cress  Family,  one  of  the  most  strictly  natural  and 
homogeneous  which  the  vegetable  kingdom  affords,  is  at  once  distinguished 
by  its  regular  cruciform  flower,  tetradynamous  stamens,  and  by  that  sort  of 
pod  termed  a  siHque,  or,  when  very  short,  a  silicle. 

The  flowers  are  formed  on  the  quaternary  plan.  There  are  always  four 
sepals,  of  which  the  two  exterior  in  the  bud  are  situated  one  anterior  and 
the  other  posterior,  while  the  two  interior,  which  are  often  the  larger,  are 
lateral,  or  right  and  left,  as  respects  the  axis  of  inflorescence.  Although  the 
edges  of  the  outer  pair  cover  those  of  the  inner  in  the  bud  (except  in  the 
few  instances  where  the  aestivation  is  valvate),  yet  the  plan  of  the  flower  is 
not  binary,  like  that  of  Fumariaceae  (p.  117),  but  the  four  sepals  constitute 
a  single  verticel ;  for  the  four  petals  are  alternate  with  them,  instead  of  being 
opposed  to  them,  as  would  necessarily  be  the  case  on  the  former  supposi- 
tion. The  laminae  of  the  four  petals,  spreading  opposite  each  other  in  pairs, 
produce  the  cruciform  shape  which  gives  the  name  to  the  order.  In  aestiva- 
tion, the  petals  are  imbricated  with  usually  one  exterior,  two  half  exterior 
and  half  interior,  and  the  fourth  wholly  interior,  or  else  they  are  regularly 
convolute ;  the  latter  mode  being  only  a  slight  deviation  from  the  former. 
Both  the  calyx  and  the  corolla  are  deciduous  in  all  the  family,  or  at  least  in 
all  ordinary  cases. 


126  CRUCIFER.t:. 

The  peculiarity  of  the  stamens  gave  the  name  and  character  to  the  class, 
Telradynamia,  which  in  his  Artificial  System  Linnaeus  framed  for  the  recep- 
tion of  these  plants.  Of  the  six  stamens,  two  are  shorter  and  inserted  one 
opposite  each  lateral  sepal  ;  while  the  four  longer,  which  are  commonly  in- 
serted a  little  higher  on  the  receptacle  or  hypogynous  disk,  are  placed  one 
pair  before  the  posterior,  and  the  other  before  the  anterior  sepal.  This 
brings  them  partly  before  the  four  petals  respectively ;  which  has  not  unnat- 
urally been  taken  to  be  their  normal  position  by  several  botanists,  as  by 
Kunth,*  and  Gay,f  who  thus  view  them  as  forming  the  complete  inner 
stamineal  verticel,  and  consequently  suppose  that  half  of  the  exterior  verticel 
(namely,  the  two  stamens  which  should  stand  before  the  anterior  and  poste- 
rior sepals  respectively)  has  been  suppressed.  But  it  is  plain,  as  our  dia- 
grams (Plates  53,  54,  63,  &c.)  show,  that  these  four  stamens  are  not  oppo- 
site the  petals.  As  already  remarked,  they  stand  in  pairs  before  the  anterior 
and  posterior  sepals,  or  alternate,  with  the  two  upper  and  two  lower  petals, 
that  is  to  say,  just  in  the  places  which  should  be  occupied  by  single  stamens 
to  complete  the  symmetry  of  the  tetramerous  flower.  In  other  words,  the 
anterior  and  posterior  stamens  of  the  simple  verticel  are  doubled,  just  as  the 
two  stamens  of  Fumariaceae  are  trebled,  by  deduplication. 

This  explanation,  as  applied  to  Fumariaceae,  was  in  type,  as  it  now  stands 
(on  page  118),  when,  just  in  the  nick  of  time,  I  received  the  London  Jour- 
nal of  Botany,  for  January,  1848,  containing  a  beautiful  elucidation  of  the 
Structure  of  Cruciferous  Floicers,  by  Prof.  Moquin-Tandon  and  my  friend 
P.  Barker  Webb,  in  which  this  view  is  brought  forward  and  enforced  in  a 
much  more  thorough  and  convincing  manner  than. I  could  have  hoped  to  do- 
it. %     To  the  instances  cited  by  them  in  which  one  or  both  of  these  stamens 

*  L'bcr  die  Blilthen-  vnd  Fruchllildung  dcr  Cruciferen,  in  Abhandl.  Konigl. 
Mad.  lilssensch.  Bcrl.  1832. 

t  In  Ann.  Sci.  JVat.  Oct.  1842.  p.  218. 

t  "De  Candolle,  himself,  has  shown  in  his  Memoir  on  Crucifera,  that  each 
pair  of  geminate  stamens  has  really  only  the  value  of  a  single  organ,  and  con- 
sequently that  the  andrceceum  in  Cruciferae  may,  like  the  corolla  and  calyx,  be 
reduced  to  the  quaternary  type." 

"  This  theory  of  the  didoubhment  of  the  two  longer  stamens  in  this  group  is 
confirmed  by  numerous  facts,  both  normal  and  anomalous.  1.  In  many  Cru- 
ciferee,  and  more  particularly  in  the  Clypeola  cyclodontea,  Del.,  the  filaments  of 
the  solitary  stamen  are  furnished  with  two  teeth,  one  on  each  side,  whilst  those 
of  the  double  stamens  have  but  one  on  their  outer  side  ;  if  we  join  these  two 
stamens  together,  so  that  they  form  but  one,  a  bidentate  filament  will  result  en- 
tirely similar  to  those  of  the  solitary  stamens. 

"  2.  In  other  Cruciferffi  a  longer  or  shorter  portion  of  the  filament  remains 
simple.  Thus,  in  the  Sterigma  tomentosum,  DC,  the  division  takes  place  as 
tar  as  the  middle;  in  the  Anchonium  Billardieri,  DC,  in  a  third  part  only  of 
the  upper  portion  of  the  filament.  Here  the  position  of  the  longer  stamens, 
double  only  in  their  upper  portion,  is  exactly  the  same  as  that  of  the  solitary 
stamens. 

"  3.  In  the  Vella  psendocytisus,  Linn.,  we  find,  in  the  place  of  the  double  sta- 
mens, a  single  one:  its  filament  being  frequently  rather  broader,  sometimes  di- 
vided only  at  its  summit,  sometimes  entirely  undivided,  but  bearing  in  that  case 
an  anther,  wholly  or  partially  geminate. 

"4.  Many  Crucifcrae  become  tetrandrous  by  pclorization,  others  are  normally 
so.     In  either  case,  the  four  stamens  are  then  equal. 


CRUCIFERAE.  127 

habitually  or  frequently  remain  undivided  below,  we  may  add  the  genus 
Streptanthus  (Plate  61,  fig.  4).  Although  these  able  botanists  do  not  allude 
to  the  analogous  case  of  Fumariaceae,  yet  it  is  perfectly  evident  that  they 
would  apply  the  same  principle  to  the  explanation  of  the  anomaly  in  that 
family.     The  six  anthers  are  all  alike  and  two-celled. 

The  gynsecium  consists  of  two  united  carpels,  which  stand  right  and  left 
as  respects  the  axis  of  inflorescence,  or  one  before  each  of  the  lateral  sepals. 
The  peculiarity  of  the  silique  consists  in  its  being  two-celled,  while  the  pla- 
centae are  strictly  parietal.  The  explanation  of  this  long  since  indicated  by 
Brown,  and  by  Lestiboudois,  is  doubtless  the  true  one  ;  namely,  that  the 
false  dissepiment  is  an  extension  of  the  parieties  of  the  carpels,  or,  so  to 
say,  of  the  epicarp  of  each,  stretching  inwards  beyond  their  ovuliferous 
edges,  so  as  to  form,  sometimes  a  narrow  border,  as  in  Selenia  (Plate  67), 
&c  ,  but  commonly  a  perfect  partition  by  their  union  in  the  centre.  The 
line  of  junction  is  frequently  indicated  by  a  median  nerve  (Plates  53,  55,  57, 
64).  This  partition,  however  thin,  is  separable  into  its  two  component  la- 
mella;, composed  apparently  of  a  single  stratum  of  compressed  cells,  which 
are  of  different  forms  in  different  plants.  Besides  this  areolation,  the  par- 
tition is  sometimes  veiny,  or  traversed,  more  or  less  copiously,  by  "  tubes 
having  the  appearance  and  ramification  of  the  veins  of  a  leaf."  These  dif- 
ferences were  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Brown,  and  turned  to  account  in  distin- 
guishing genera.*  We  have  endeavoured  to  figure  the  principal  forms  of 
areolation  which  are  presented  by  the  species  we  have  illustrated  ;  but  are 
not  prepared  to  offer  any  opinion  respecting  the  value  of  this  character. 

In  several  Cruciferae,  this  partition  is  altogether  wanting,  especially  in  the 
Isatideae,  where  the  pod  is  indehiscent  and  only  1-2-seeded,  and  in  Cakile 
(Plate  74)  and  its  allies,  in  which  the  pod  is  transversely  divided  and  joint- 
ed. In  the  dehiscent  genera,  the  two  valves  always  separate  from  the  fili- 
form placentae,  which  form  the  frame  (rcphtm)  for  the  partition,  and  bear 
the  persistent  style  or  stigma. 

The  styles,  if  any,  are  always  consolidated  into  one.  The  two  stigmas 
are  either  combined,  or  more  or  less  distinct  (2-lobed)  ;  and  the  lobes  are 
anterior  and  posterior,  or  are  placed  over  the  parietal  placentas,  and  not  over 
the  cells;  just  as  happens  in  most  Papaveraceae,  and  in  many  other  cases  of 
parietal  placentation.  This,  along  with  the  abnormal  partition  and  dehis- 
cence, gave  rise  to  some  ingenious  hypotheses  respecting  the  structure  of  the 
Cruciferous  fruit,  which  need  not  be  here  recounted,  since  their  foundations 


"5.  Finally,  certain  Cruciferae,  instead  of  returning  to  the  quaternary  type, 
recede  from  it.  Their  single  stamens  undergo  a  change  analogous  or  very  sim- 
ilar to  that  of  the  double  pair.  One  of  us  lias  observed  flowers  of  Matthiola  in- 
cana,  in  which  the  single  stamens  were  cleft  throughout  their  entire  length 
each  portion  being  provided  with  half  an  anther  and  half  a  filament.  M.  Lesti- 
boudois speaks  of  a  Cheiranthus  Cheiri  in  which  these  stamens  were  completely 
geminated,  not  laterally  as  the  longer  pair,  but  from  without  inwards.  M.  Se- 
ringa met  with  a  flower  of  the  same  species  (var.  grandiflora)  which  had  the 
lower  stamens  '  didoubldes  ejartcment  comma  les  sup&rieures.'  "  —  Moq.-Tand.  tfc 
Webb,  in  1.  c.  p.  5,  and  p.  6,  7. 

*  Ohserr.  PI.  Oudney,  Denham,ty  Clappcrlon,  p.  12.  cl  Bcq,  1826 


128  CRUCIFER^E. 

have  been  entirely  swept  away  by  Mr.  Brown's  masterly  exposition  of  the 
real  nature  and  composition  of  the  stigma,  as  well  as  of  the  placenta.*  In 
this  family  the  two  half-stigmas  of  different  carpels  are  combined  over  the 
placentae,  just  as  those  placentae  are  themselves  formed  by  the  junction  of 
the  contiguous  edges  of  two  different  carpellary  leaves,  that  is,  of  the  two 
half-placentae  of  different  carpels.  As  applied  to  Cruciferse,  this  view  has 
just  been  very  satisfactorily  reproduced  by  Moquin-Tandon  and  Webb,  in 
the  article  before  cited,  and  entirely  de  novo  on  their  part,  as  they  were  un- 
acquainted with  Mr.  Brown's  exposition  of  this  subject  until  after  their  arti- 
cle was  prepared  for  the  press. 

The  structure  of  the  flower  and  fruit  in  this  strictly  natural  family  is  so 
uniform,  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  repeat  continually,  in  our  detailed  descrip- 
tions, the  characters  which  are  common  to  the  whole,  or  to  which  there  are 
few  if  any  exceptions ;  such,  for  instance,  as  the  alternate  leaves  (to  which 
Dentaria  offers  the  only  exception)  ;  the  indefinite  racemose  inflorescence  ; 
the  absence  of  bracts  and  bractlets  (of  which  the  exceptions  are  noted  where 
they  occur)  ;  the  introrse  2-celled  anthers  ;  the  aestivation  of  the  calyx  and 
corolla,  which  as  to  the  former  is  imbricated  with  the  anterior  and  posterior 
sepals  outside,  as  already  mentioned,  in  all  our  genera  ;  and,  as  to  the  lat- 
ter, the  same  genus  or  even  the  same  individual  exhibits  both  the  imbri- 
cated-convolute  and  the  truly  convolute  modes. 

As  at  present  known,  this  family  comprises  at  least  1600  species,  under 
about  180  genera.  Cruciferous  plants  are  found  in  every  part  of  the  world, 
but  are  most  abundant  by  far  in  the  northern  temperate  zone.  There  is  a 
larger  proportion  in  the  Old  World  than  in  the  New. 

The  sensible  properties  of  the  order  are  exemplified  by  its  familiar  escu- 
lent and  officinal  representatives,  such  as  the  Mustard,  Horseradish,  Radish, 
Cabbage,  Turnip,  Scurvy-Grass,  &c.  All  have  more  or  less  of  the  volatile 
acrid  principle  upon  which  their  stimulant,  rubefacient,  and  antiscorbutic 
qualities,  as  well  as  the  pungent  flavor,  depend.  Diffused  among  abundance 
of  saccharine  and  farinaceous  or  mucilaginous  matter,  this  acridity  serves  as 
a  wholesome  natural  condiment.  Some  Cruciferae,  like  the  Rape,  are  culti- 
vated for  the  fixed  oil  that  abounds  in  the  embryo  of  the  exalbuminous  seeds. 
Many  are  prized  for  the  beauty  or  fragrance  of  their  flowers ;  as  the  Wall- 
flower, Stock,  &c 

In  a  local  Flora,  it  is  most  convenient  to  characterize  the  primary  divisions 
from  the  fruit,  whether  dehiscent,  indehiscent  and  nucamentaceous,  or  lo- 
mentaceous.  In  a  general  system,  some  characters  taken  from  the  seed  and 
embryo  should  doubtless  have  precedence  ;  but  it  is  still  uncertain  which 
should  take  the  lead.  For  the  present  purpose  it  will  suffice  to  dispose  our 
comparatively  few  genera  according  to  the  following  conspectus. 


*  In  Plantce  Javanica  Rariores,  part  2.  1840.  p.  106-112,  note.  For  an  exposi- 
tion of  this  view,  see  Gray's  Botanical  Text-Booh,  ed.  1.  p.  144  (1842),  and  ed.2. 
p.  238  (1845). 


CRUCIFER.E.  129 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera  of  the  United  States. 

Ser.  I.     SiLiquosiE.  —  Silique  2-valved,  jointless.     (Cotyle- 
dons plane,  in  N.  Amer.  species.) 

Tribe  I.  ARABIDE^E.  —  Cotyledons  plane,  parallel  with  the  parti- 
tion, accumbent  (o=),  one  edge  lying  against  the  ascending  radicle,  which 
occupies  the  side  remote  from  the  placenta.  (Embryo  straight  in  Leaven- 
worthia.)     Silique  elongated  or  sometimes  short,  many-seeded. 

*  Silique  terete  or  slightly  compressed ;  the  valves  nerveless  or  nearly  so. 
Nasturtium.    (Plate  53.)     Silique  short,  often  a  silicle.     Seeds  numer- 
ous, two-ranked  in  each  cell,  very  small,  punctate,  on  capillary  fu- 
niculi.    Calyx  spreading  :  petals  sometimes  wanting. 

Iodanthus.    (Plate  54.)     Silique  linear.     Seeds  one-ranked  in  each  cell, 
marginless,  as  broad  as  the  septum.     Calyx  erect. 

*  *  Silique  compressed  ;  the  valves  flat  and  nerveless.     (Seeds  1-ranked.) 
Cardamine.     (Plate  55.)      Silique   linear  or  linear-lanceolate.      Seeds 

wingless,  on  filiform  funiculi. 
Dentaria.     (Plate  56.)     Silique  lanceolate.     Seeds  wingless,  on  dilated 

and  flattened  funiculi. 
Leavenworthia.     (Plate  57.)     Silique  oblong.      Seeds  winged.     Em- 
bryo straight ! 
*  *  *  Silique  compressed,  or  somewhat  quadrangular;  the  valves  1-nerved. 
Arabis.     (Plate  58.)     Silique  linear,  elongated  ;   the  valves  nearly  flat, 

1-nerved.     Seeds  1-ranked  in  each  cell.     Petals  somewhat  unguicu- 

late  or  sessile,  the  claw  plane. 
Turritis.     (Plate  59.)     Silique,  &c,  as  in  Arabis.     Seeds  2-ranked  in 

each  cell. 
Streptanthus.     (Plates  60,  61.)     Silique  linear,  elongated  ;  the  valves 

flat  or  flattish,  1-nerved.     Seeds  1-ranked  in  each  cell.     Claw  of  the 

petals  canaliculate  or  involute,  commonly  twisted. 
Barbarea.     (Plate  62.)     Silique  linear,  nearly  quadrangular  from  the 

carinate- 1-nerved  valves.     Seeds  1-ranked.     Flowers  yellow. 

Tribe  IT.  SISYMBRIE^E.  —  Cotyledons  plane,  placed  with  their 
edges  to  the  partition,  incumbent  (o||),  the  back  of  one  of  them  lying  against 
the  ascending  radicle,  which  occupies  the  side  remote  from  the  placenta, 
sometimes  oblique,  so  as  to  become  partly  accumbent.  Silique  mostly  linear 
and  elongated,  many-seeded. 

#  Silique  not  stipitate. 
Erysimum.     (Plate  63.)     Silique  linear,  quadrangular,  the  valves  acute- 
ly carinate-  1-nerved.     Calyx  erect. 
Sisymbrium.     (Plate  64.)     Silique  linear  or  oblong,  terete  or  4  -  6-an- 
gular  ;  the  valves  convex,  1-3-nerved.     Calyx  equal,  usually  open. 
»  #  Silique  long-stipitate,  linear.     Petals  with  long  claws. 


130  CRUCIFER.E. 

Stanleva.  (Plate  05.)  Claws  of  the  petals  connivent  into  a  tube  ;  the 
linear  sepals  spreading.  Silique  nearly  terete  or  quadrangular. 
Flowers  yellow  or  greenish. 

Warea.  (Plate  66.)  Claws  of  the  (white  or  rose-purple)  petals  spread- 
ing.    Silique  compressed,  the  valves  nearly  flat,  1-nerved. 

Ser.  II.  SiLicuLosa:. —  Silicle  (rounded,  or  not  much  long- 
er than  broad)  opening  by  valves.  Cotyledons  plane, 
not  longitudinally  plicate  nor  spirally  convolute. 

Tribe  III.     ALYSSINEiE.  —  Silicle  with  a  broad  partition  (or  rarely 
none)  which  is  parallel  with  the  flat  or  convex  valves.     Cotyledons  broad, 
accumbent  against  the  ascending  radicle  (o=),  parallel  with  the  partition. 
#  Silicle  compressed.     Seeds  on  free  funiculi. 
Selenia.     (Plate  67.)     Silicle  oval,  flat,  subulate  with  the  long  style, 

many-seeded.     Seeds  orbicular,  surrounded  by  a  wing. 
Draea.     (Plates  68,  69.)     Silicle  elliptical,  oval,  or  linear-oblong,  com- 
pressed, many-seeded.     Seeds  wingless. 

•  #  Silicle  globose-inflated.     Funiculi  partly  adnate. 
Vesicaria.    (Plate  70.)   Valves  of  the  several-seeded  silicle  hemispherical. 

Tribe  IV.  SUBULARIE^E.  —  Silicle  oval,  turgid,  with  a  rather 
broad  partition,  the  cells  several-seeded.  Cotyledons  bent  transversely  be- 
low the  middle  and  incumbent  on  the  ascending  radicle. 

Subularia.  (Plate  71.)  Silicle  somewhat  flattened  contrary  to  the  par- 
tition, the  convex  valves  rather  boat-shaped.  Leaves  all  radical, 
subulate. 

Tribe  V.  SENEBIEREiE.  —  Silicle  compressed  contrary  to  the  very 
narrow  partition,  didymous  ;  the  globular-ventricose  valves  closed  or  nearly 
so,  1-seeded.     Cotyledons  as  in  Tribe  IV. 

Senebiera.  (Plate  72.)  Cells  of  the  silicle  rugose-reticulated,  separat- 
ing entire.     Flowers  minute. 

Tribe  VI.  LEPIDINE2E.  —  Silicle  compressed  contrary  to  the  very 
narrow  partition ;  the  valves  strongly  boat-shaped  or  carinate.  Cotyledons 
plane,  incumbent  (rarely  accumbent)  on  the  ascending  radicle. 

Lepidium.     (Plate  73.)     Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell :  funiculi  free. 

Ser.  III.     Lomentaceje. —  Silique  or  silicle  transversely  2- 
several-celled,  and  articulated. 
Tribe  VII.     CAKILINE/E.     Cotyledons  plane,  accumbent. 
Cakile.     (Plate  74.)     Silicle  2-jointed  ;    the  joints   1-celled,   1-seeded. 
Seed  suspended  tn  the  lower,  erect  in  the  upper  cell. 


CRUCIFEll^E.  131 

Plate  53. 
NASTURTIUM,  R.  Br. 

Siliqua  abbreviata  vel  silicula  teretiuscula,  valvis  turgidis 
enerviis.  Semina  in  loculis  biseriata,  numerosissima,  parva, 
immarginata  ;  funiculis  capillaribus.  Cotyledones  planse  ac- 
cumbentes.  —  Calyx  patens.  Petala  flava  vel  alba,  iiiterdum 
abortiva. 

Nasturtium,  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  2.  4.  p.  109.     DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  187. 

Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  72.     Endl.  Gen.  4850. 
Sisymbrii  Sp.,  Linn.     Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  187.  excl.  spec. 
?  Armoracia,  Rupp.  Fl.  Jen.     Koch,  Fl.  Germ.  p.  66. 

Water-Cress. 


Calyx  spreading,  somewhat  colored  ;  the  sepals  imbricat- 
ed in  aestivation,  equal  at  the  base.  Petals  spreading,  obo- 
vate  or  cuneiform,  sometimes  obsolete.  Filaments  subulate 
or  filiform,  toothless:  anthers  oval  or  sagittate.  Hypogy- 
nous  glands  4  or  6.  Ovary  ovoid,  oblong,  or  linear,  some- 
times one-celled  from  the  incompletion  of  the  partition : 
style  short  or  none,  rarely  slender :  stigma  capitate  or  de- 
pressed, obscurely  two-lobed.  Ovules  numerous,  irregu- 
larly crowded  in  several  rows  on  each  placenta  (in  two  or 
more  ranks  in  each  cell),  nearly  horizontal. 

Silique  or  silicle  varying  from  linear  or  oblong  to  ellip- 
tical or  even  globose-ovoid,  terete  or  slightly  compressed 
parallel  with  the  partition,  two-valved ;  the  turgid  or  strong- 
ly convex  valves  destitute  of  keel  or  midnerve  ;  the  partition 
nerveless  or  one-nerved  in  the  middle.  Seeds  indefinite  and 
usually  very  numerous,  occupying  two  rows  in  each  cell, 
on  irregularly  crowded  capillary  free  funiculi,  more  or  less 
pendulous,  flattish,  rounded,  impressed-punctate.  Radicle 
ascending  on  the  side  towards  the  axis  (remote  from  the  pla- 
centa) ;  the  cotyledons  accumbent,  plane,  parallel  with  the 
partition. 


132  CRUCIFER^E. 

Herbs  growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  smooth  or  simply 
hirsute ;  with  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  roots,  and  branch- 
ing stems  which  are  frequently  rooting  below.  Leaves  usu- 
ally lyrately  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  or  pinnately  parted ;  the 
petioles  often  auriculate-dilated  at  the  base.  Flowers  small 
or  minute,  yellow  or  white  ;  the  racemes  prolonged  in  fruit. 


Etymology.  An  old  name  for  several  pungent  Cruciferous  plants,  said 
to  be  compounded  of  nasus  and  tortus,  from  their  effect  upon  the  nostrils. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  cosmopolite  genus,  the  species  of 
which  are  of  difficult  extrication,  especially  those  of  the  section  Brachylo- 
bos,  DC,  which  have  for  the  most  part  yellow  or  yellowish  flowers.  The 
Water-Cress  is  the  type  of  a  peculiar  section  of  the  genus  (Cardaminum, 
DC).  While  many  species  bear  linear  siliques,  others  by  gradual  transi- 
tion have  oblong,  elliptical,  ovoid,  or  even  globular  silicles,  some  of  which 
C.  A.  Meyer  therefore  refers  to  Cochlearia  §  Armoracia.  Indeed,  the  white- 
flowered  N.  lacustre,  Gray,  ined.,*  is  so  exactly  an  Armoracia  as  to  con- 
vince me  that  that  group,  if  it  can  be  detached  from  Cochlearia,  will  have  to 
be  appended  to  the  present  genus  ;  —  which,  taken  as  a  whole,  would  be 
more  naturally  placed  among  Alyssineae  than  in  Arabideae.  —  The  Ameri- 
can N.  palustre  (which  usually  has  shorter  pods  than  the  European  plant) 
sometimes  exhibits  3  -  4-carpellary  and  completely  3-4-celled  ovaries. 


PLATE  53.      Nasturtium   sessiliflorum,    Nutt. ;  —  a  small   specimen 
(from  St.  Louis,  Engelmann)  ;    natural  size.    (Excl.  fig.  1  -5.) 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower  of  N.  palustre,  the  common  North  American 

plant  so  called. 

2.  An  enlarged  flower  of  the  same. 

3.  Stamens  and  pistil ;  and  4,  inside  view  of  a  stamen,  more  enlarged. 

5.  Pistil  and  receptacle,  more  magnified. 

6.  Silique  of  N.  sessiliflorum,  enlarged ;    one  valve  and  most  of  the 

seeds  detached. 

7.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

8.  A  seed ;  and  9,  section  across  the  accumbent  cotyledons  and  radicle ; 

magnified. 

*  The  Nasturtium  natans,  Hook.  FL.  Bor.-Jlm.,  Torr.  fy  Gr.  Fl.,  &c.  (N.  na- 
tans  8.  Americanum,  Gray,  in  Jinn.  Lye.  N.  Y.)  Its  flowers  are  much  larger 
than  in  N.  natans,  DC.  (which  is  the  Cochlearia  amphibia,  ft.  Mryer)  ;  the 
white  petals  are  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  and  there  is  no  partition  to  the 
pod,  except  a  narrow  border. 


CRUCIFERiE.  133 


Plate  54. 
IODANTHUS,    Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Siliqua  linearis,  teres,  valvis  convexis  fere  enerviis.  Se- 
mina  in  loculis  uniserialia,  immarginata.  Cotyledones  plana? 
accnmbentes.  —  Calyx  erectus,  unguibus  petalorum  brevior. 

Iodanthus,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  72  (sub  Cheirantho).     Gray, 

Man.  Bot.  N.  U.  S.  p.  33. 
Hespebidis  Sp.,  Michx.  Fl.  2.  p.  31.    Nntt.  Gen.  2.  p.  69.    DC.  1.  c. 

False  Rocket. 


Calyx  erect,  imbricated  in  aestivation :  the  lateral  sepals 
slightly  gibbons  at  the  base,  in  the  bud  furnished  with  a 
cornute  process  next  the  apex.  Petals  spreading,  spatu- 
late-obovate,  tapering  into  a  narrow  claw  which  is  longer 
than  the  sepals,  entire,  imbricated-convolute  in  aestivation. 
Stamens  strongly  tetradynamous :  filaments  subulate-fili- 
form, toothless :  anthers  sagittate.  Glands  4.  Ovary 
linear-oblong :  style  short  and  thick :  stigma  hemispheri- 
cal. Ovules  numerous,  alternately  inserted  and  forming 
only  one  row  in  each  cell. 

Silique  linear,  terete,  rather  fleshy,  somewhat  torulose 
when  dry,  tipped  with  the  short  style,  two-valved ;  the  con- 
vex valves  not  carinate  or  nerved  on  the  back  (or  with  an 
obscure  midnerve  when  dry) :  the  partition  nerveless,  com- 
posed of  linear-oblong  longitudinal  areolae,  bounded  by 
nearly  straight  lines.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell,  forming  a 
single  series,  occupying  the  whole  breadth  of  the  partition, 
oval,  pendulous  on  short  and  free  ascending  funiculi  which 
are  geniculate-inflexed  at  the  apex,  not  margined.  Radicle 
ascending  on  the  side  farthest  from  its  placenta  ;  the  coty- 
ledons parallel  with  the  partition,  plane,  accumbent. 

Herb  with  a  branching  stem  from  a  perennial  fibrous  root, 
and  oblong-ovate  and  acuminate  leaves,  which  are  sharply 
and  irregularly  toothed ;    the  lower  lyrate,  with  small  lateral 


134  CRUCIFER.f:. 

divisions,  the  margined  petiole  auriculate-sagittate  at  the 
base.  Racemes  loose,  elongated,  somewhat  panicled,  ebrac- 
teate  :  the  rather  large  and  showy  flowers  violet-purple. 


Etymology.  From  itiSijr,  viokl-colored ,  and  Svdos,  flower,  in  allusion  to 
the  color  of  the  petals. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  genus  of  a  single  species,  indi- 
genous to  the  Western  United  States,  removed,  on  account  of  its  accumbent 
cotyledons,  from  Hesperis,  with  which  genus  in  all  other  respects  it  seems 
substantially  to  accord. 


PLATE  54.     Iodanthus  hesperidoides,   Tott.  <Sr  Gr. ; —  a  small  speci- 
men (from  Ohio,  Sullivant),  the  stem  shortened. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower. 

2.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  One  of  the  lateral  sepals  ;  and  4,  a  petal,  enlarged. 

5.  Stamens  and  pistil,  enlarged. 

6.  A  silique,  of  the  natural  size. 

7.  The  upper  end  of  a  silique,  enlarged  ;  seen  edgewise. 

8.  Lower  part  of  the  same,  with  a  portion  of  the  valves  above  cut  away. 

9.  Base  of  an  enlarged  pod,  the  valves  removed,  showing  three  seeds;  the 

lower  one  cut  in  two,  so  as  to  display  a  section  of  the  accumbent 
cotyledons  and  radicle. 

10.  Tissue  of  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

11.  Embryo,  detached  entire  ;  enlarged. 


CRUCIFERiE.  135 

Plate  55. 
CARDAMINE,   Tourn. 

Siliqua  linearis,  compressa  ;  valvis  planis  enerviis  (elastice 
saepius  disilientibus),  placentis  dorso  non  alato-marginatis. 
Semina  in  loculis  uniserialia,  e  funiculis  filiformibus  liberis 
pendula,  immarginata.  Cotyledones  planae  accumbentes.  — 
Calyx  basi  aequalis.     Petala  alba  vel  purpurea. 

Cardamine,  Tourn.  Linn.  Gen.  812.  Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  167.  DC- 
Syst.  2.  p.  245.  C.  A.  Meyer,  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  3.  p.  32.  Endl. 
Gen.  4859. 

Bitter  Cress. 


Calyx  erect  or  rather  open ;  the  sepals  equal  at  the  base. 
Petals  obovate,  with  the  lamina  spreading,  or  sometimes 
narrow  and  erect.  Filaments  subulate  or  filiform :  anthers 
cordate  or  sagittate  at  the  base.  Glands  4  or  6,  variously 
disposed.  Ovary  oblong  or  linear :  style  usually  short : 
stigma  capitate  or  depressed,  entire  or  two-lobed.  Ovules 
pendulous  and  alternately  inserted,  forming  only  one  row  in 
each  cell. 

Silio.ue  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  compressed  (the  pla- 
centae not  bordered  and  projecting),  two-valved,  for  the  most 
part  elastically  dehiscent  from  the  base  upwards  ;  the  valves 
flat,  nerveless :  partition  with,  or  commonly  without,  a  mid- 
nerve  ;  the  areolae  short  and  roundish  or  amorphous,  bound- 
ed by  even  lines.  Seeds  several  or  numerous  in  a  single 
row  in  each  cell,  pendulous  'on  filiform  free  funiculi,  or- 
bicular or  oblong,  compressed,  wingless,  smooth.  Radicle 
ascending,  remote  from  the  placentas :  cotyledons  plane, 
parallel  with  the  partition,  accumbent. 

Herbs  with  fibrous  or  granulate  roots,  or  rarely  with  tu- 
berous rootstocks,  sending  up  radical  scapes,  or  more  com- 
monly simple  or  branching  stems,  bearing  alternate  and  sim- 
ple or  pinnately  divided   leaves,   and   terminal  racemes  of 


136  crucifer^:. 

white  or  rarely  purple  ebracteate  flowers.     Petioles  of  the 
lowest  leaves  elongated,  usually  not  dilated  at  the  base. 


Etymology.     From  KdpRafiov,  an  ancient  name  for  Cress. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  pretty  large,  cosmopolite  genus,  most 
abundant  in  the  cooler  temperate  zones  and  on  mountains,  extending  into  the 
arctic  and  antarctic  regions. 

Note.  The  genus  is  not  yet  well  divided  into  natural  sections.  The 
species  here  figured  is  one  of  those  which  approach  Dentaria. 


PLATE  55.     Cardamine  rhomboidea,  DC;  —  a  small  specimen. 

1.  A  sepal,  enlarged,  seen  from  the  inner  side. 

2.  A  petal,  equally  enlarged. 

3.  Stamens  and  pistil,  with  the  glands  of  the  receptacle;  enlarged. 

4.  Magnified   pistil,  seen  sidewise,  showing  three  of  the  four  crescent- 

shaped  hypogynous  glands. 

5.  Same,  with  the  ovary  transversely  divided. 

6.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

7.  A  silique,  of  the  natural  size. 

8.  A  dehiscent  silique,  magnified,  showing  part  of  the  seeds  of  one  cell, 

the  partition,  &c. 

9.  Portion  of  the  tissue  of  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

10.  Magnified  seed,  divided  transversely,  through  the  accumbent  cotyledons. 


cruc1fer/e.  137 

Plate  56. 
DENTARIA,    Town. 

Siliqua  lanceolata.  Funiculi  seminum  plani  seu  alato- 
dilatati.  Cotyledones  crassae*  —  Caulis  e  rhizomate  carnoso 
horizontali  dentato  vel  moniliformi  simplicissimus,  medio 
paucifolius ;  foliis  verticillatis  alternisve,  compositis.  Ca?tera 
fere  omnia  Cardamines. 

Dentaria,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  225.  t.  111.  Linn.  Gen.  811.  Lam.  111.  t. 
562.  Schkuhr,  Handb.  1. 183.  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  271.  C.  A.  Mey- 
er, I.e.    Torr.  &Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  l.p.  86.     Endl.  Gen.  4861. 

Cardamines  Sp.,  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Kevv.  ed.  2.  4.  p.  101. 

Toothwort.     Pepperroot. 


Calyx  equal  at  the  base,  the  sepals  erect.  Petals  much 
larger  than  the  sepals,  obovate,  spreading,  more  or  less  un- 
guiculate.     Stamens  and  Pistil  as  in  Cardamine. 

Siliq.ue  lanceolate,  compressed,  subulate  with  the  style, 
elastically  two-valved  from  the  base  ;  the  valves  flat,  nerve- 
less ;  placenta?  not  wing-margined :  partition  nerveless  or 
nearly  so  ;  the  areolation  nearly  quadrate  and  uniform  (as  in 
Cardamine).  Seeds  several  in  each  cell  forming  a  single 
row,  round-oval,  turgid,  smooth,  pendulous  on  broad  and  flat 
free  funiculi.  Radicle  ascending  on  the  side  remote  from 
the  placenta :  cotyledons  accumbent,  parallel  with  the  par- 
tition, very  thick  and  fleshy,  sometimes  unequal. 

Herbs  with  a  horizontal  and  fleshy  toothed  or  moniliform- 
tuberous  rhizoma,  which  sends  up  in  spring  an  erect  and 
simple  flowering  stem,  bearing  near  the  middle  two  or  three 
(or  rarely  more)  verticillate  or  alternate  3 - 7-foliolate  leaves 
on  naked  petioles,  and  terminated  by  a  corymbose  raceme 
of  handsome  white  or  rose-purple  flowers.  Radical  leaves 
sometimes  wanting. 

10 


138  CRUCIFERjE. 

Etymology,  &c.  Name  from  dens,  a  tooth  ;  in  allusion  to  the  rhizoma, 
which  is  beset  with  tooth-like  processes  (the  rudiments  or  vestiges  of  leaf- 
stalks) in  most  species  :  these  are  very  strongly  marked  in  our  D.  diphylla ; 
which  is  commonly  called  Pepperroot,  from  the  pungent  taste  (much  like 
that  of  Water-cresses)  of  its  coral-like  rootstock.  The  proper  English  pop- 
ular name  is  Toothwort. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  genus  (scarcely  distinct  from 
Cardamine)  of  about  twenty  known  species,  natives  of  the  northern  temper- 
ate zone.  Five  species  belong  to  trie  United  States  ;  two  of  which  are 
widely  diffused,  while  the  others  are  local  or  rare.  —  The  species  chosen  for 
our  illustration  is  the  least  known  of  all.  Mr.  Nuttall  described  it  from  un- 
usually luxuriant  specimens,  which  he  found  "  in  the  western  parts  of  the 
State  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.''  It  has  since  been  gathered  only  at 
Watertown,  New  York,  by  the  lamented  Dr.  Crawe  (in  whose  untimely 
death  by  drowning,  since  our  drawing  was  made,  Botany  has  lost  a  most  as- 
siduous devotee)  :  but  none  of  the  specimens  are  so  tall  and  leafy  as  Nuttall 
describes,  nor  do  they  deserve  the  name  of  D.  maxima. 


PLATE  56.     Dentaria  maxima,  Nutt. ; — in  fruit,  of  the  natural  size. 
(Specimen  from  Watertown,  New  York,  Dr.  Crawe.) 

1.  A  flower,  of  the  natural  size. 

2.  Upper  part  of  a  silique,  from  which  the  valves  have  fallen,  magnified  ; 

showing  two  of  the  seeds,  the  lower  one  transversely  divided. 

3.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

4.  The  fleshy  embryo  detached,  magnified. 

5.  A   transverse  section   of  the  same,  showing  the   unequal  accumbent 

cotyledons.      . 


CRUCiFER.E  lo'J 


Plate  57. 


LEAVENWORTHIA,    Torr. 

Siliqua  oblonga,  comprasso-plana,  valvis,  enerviis.  Semi- 
na  uniseriata,  plana,  alata.  Embryo  recta!  —  Herba?  pusillas, 
foliis  omnibus  radicalibus  lyratis,  scapis  nudis  1  -  8-floris. 

Leavenworthia,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  Nnt.  Hist.  New  York,  3.  p.  .s?   i   !j 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  89.     Endl.  Gen.  4862. 


Calyx  equal  at  the  base  ;  the  sepals  nearly  erect.  Petals 
spatulate-cuneiform,  emarginate  or  truncate,  spreading,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx,  tapering  gradually  into  a  short  claw. 
Stamens  strongly  tetradynamous :  filaments  filiform,  tooth- 
less :  anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovary  linear,  tipped  with  a 
short  style,  and  a  capitate  stigma.  Ovules  several  in  each 
cell,  alternately  inserted  on  each  placenta,  pendulous  on  free 
funiculi. 

Silio^ue  oblong-linear  or  oblong,  compressed,  often  some- 
what torulose,  two-valved ;  the  valves  nearly  flat,  minutely 
veiny,  destitute  of  a  midnerve  :  partition  thin,  marked  with 
a  midnerve,  the  areola?  oblong-linear,  straight  and  transverse. 
Seeds  4  or  5  in  each  cell,  forming  a  single  series,  pendulous 
on  slender  free  funiculi,  orbicular,  flat,  with  a  broad  winged 
margin,  often  overlapping  each  other.  Embryo  small  in  pro- 
portion to  the  size  of  the  seed,  straight !  or  with  the  orbicu- 
lar flat  cotyledons  slightly  inclined  accumbently ;  the  radi- 
cle short  and  thick,  straight,  obliquely  ascending  011  the 
side  remote  from  the  placenta. 

Herbs  of  small  size,  chiefly  acaulescent ;  with  biennial 
or  annual  roots,  lyrate-pinnatifid  radical  leaves  and  one- 
flowered  radical  peduncles,  or  3  -  8-flowered  scapes  which 
often  bear  a  single  leaf  below.  Pedicels  elongated.  Petals 
yellow. 

10* 


140  CRUCIFER^E. 

Etymology  and  Geographical  Distribution.  Dedicated  to  Dr.  M.  C. 
Leavenworth,  the  discoverer  of  one  species,  if,  indeed,  L.  aurea  is  distinct 
from  L.  Michauxii,  the  Cardamine  uniflora,  Michx.  These  little  plants 
grow  on  wet  rocks,  &c,  in  Eastern  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Alabama  : 
also  in  Arkansas.     . 

Note.  The  embryo  in  this  genus  exhibits  a  remarkable  "  arrest  of  de- 
velopment," of  which  there  is  no  other  example  in  the  family.  In  the  fully 
ripe  seeds,  the  cotyledons  remain  straight,  in  the  same  line  with  the  radicle, 
just  as  in  the  half-grown  embryos  of  other  Cruciferae,  or  else  (in  L.  Mi- 
chauxii, Torr.)  the  cotyledons  are  slightly  inclined  to  one  side,  so  as  to 
manifest  barely  a  disposition  to  become  accumbent. 


PLATE  57.     Leavenworthia  aurea,   Torr.;  —  specimen  from  Tennes- 
see, Mr.  Buckley;  of  the  natural  size. 

1 .  A  flower,  enlarged. 

2.  A  sepal,  more  enlarged  ;  inside  view. 

3.  A  petal,  equally  magnified. 

4.  Stamens  and  pistil,  magnified. 

5.  An  enlarged  silique,  the  valves   removed,  showing  the   seeds,  &c. 

(From  an  Arkansan  specimen,  gathered  by  Dr.  Leavenworth.) 

6.  Tissue  of  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

7.  Magnified  seed,  divided  transversely  through  the  cotyledons. 

8.  Embryo,  detached. 


CRUCIFERjE.  141 

Plate  58. 
ARABIS,  L. 

Siliqua  elongata,  linearis,  compressa,   valvis   planiusculis 

uninerviis.     Semina  in  locnlis  plurima,  uniserialia.     Cotyle- 

dones  planae  accumbentes. — Calyx  erectus.      Petala  (alba 

seu  rosea)  sessilia  vel  breviter  unguiculata,  ungue  piano. 

Arabis,  Linn.  Gen.  818.  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Kew.  1.  c.  p.  104.  DC.  Syst.  2. 
p.  218.  Deless.  Ic.  2.  t.  24-28.  C.  A.  Meyer,  in  Ledeb.  Fl. 
Alt.  3.  p.  15.     Endl.  Gen.  4854. 

Rock-Cress. 


Calyx  erect :  sepals  equal,  or  the  two  lateral  saccate  at 
the  base.  Petals  obovate,  spatulate,  or  oblong,  sessile  or 
usually  with  a  short  and  flat  claw.  Filaments  filiform  or 
subulate,  toothless :  anthers  oblong.  Glands  4  to  8.  Ova- 
ry oblong  or  linear :  style  usually  short  or  none  :  stigma 
truncate  or  capitate.  Ovules  numerous  on  both  placentae, 
pendulous. 

Siliq_ue  linear,  elongated,  compressed,  not  stipitate,  two- 
valved  ;  the  valves  flat  or  flattish,  marked  with  a  prominent 
midnerve,  the  sides  sometimes  minutely  veiny  :  partition 
destitute  of  a  midnerve ;  the  areolae  oblong  or  amorphous, 
and  bounded  by  more  or  less  sinuous  or  sometimes  (in 
A.  Canadensis,  laevigata,  &c.)  exceedingly  contorted  lines. 
Seeds  numerous,  pendulous  on  filiform  and  mostly  free 
funiculi,  forming  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  compressed  or 
flat,  with  or  without  a  winged  margin.  Cotyledons  flat, 
parallel  with  the  partition,  accumbent  against  the  ascending 
radicle,  which  is  remote  from  the  placenta. 

Herbs,  with  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  roots,  and 
leafy  steins ;  the  radical  leaves  usually  petioled,  sometime^ 
lyrate  or  pinnatifid  ;  the  cauline  usually  sessile  and  undi- 
vided, often  sagittate  or  auriculate  at  th     base.     Raceme  at 


142  <  Kl  <  II  KK.E. 

length    elongated,  ebracteate.      Corolla   white,   rarely   rose- 
color  or  purplish. 


Etymology.  An  old  name,  said  by  Linnaeus  to  be  derived  from  the 
country,  Arabia. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  over  seventy  species,  widely 
scattered  over  the  northern  temperate  zone,  and  partly  subarctic  or  alpine. 

Note.  The  arrangement  of  the  species  is  not  yet  well  settled.  The 
North  American  A.  Canadensis  and  A.  laevigata,  with  the  Siberian  A.  pen- 
dula  (Sect.  Catolobus,  C.  A.  Meyer,  or  Lomaspora,  DC.  excl.  sp.),  have 
winged  seeds,  with  their  funiculi  partly  adnate  to  the  partition,  the  elongat- 
ed areolae  of  which  are  bounded  by  exceedingly  tortuous  lines  (just  as  in 
Plate  59,  fig.  6),  the  petals  small,  the  style  very  short  or  none,  and  the 
ovules  biseriate  in  each  cell ;  and  certainly  ought  not  to  be  separated  from 
Turritis. 


PLATE  58.     Arabis  patens,  Sulliv.  ; —  of  the   natural   size    (the  stem 
shortened)  ;  from  Ohio,  Sullivant. 
1.  A  lateral  sepal  ;  and  2,  a  petal;  enlarged. 

3.  Stamens  and  pistil,  enlarged. 

4.  A  ripe  silique,  of  the  natural  size. 

5.  Same,  cut  across,  near  the  base,  and  magnified. 

6.  The  replum,  from  the  upper  part,  with  the  seeds,  magnified  ,   two  of 

the  seeds  transversely  divided,  showing  the  accumbent  cotyledons. 

7.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

8.  A  magnified  seed  of  A.  Canadensis,  Linn.,  transversely  divided. 


CRUCIFERjE  113 


Plate  59. 
TURRITIS,    Tourn.,  Dill. 

Semina  in  lociilis  biserialia.     Caetera  omnia  Arabidis. 

Tukritis,  Tourn.  (excl.  spec.)  Dillen.  Nov.  Gen.  p.  120.  t.  6.  Gcertn. 
Fr.  t.  143.  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Kew.  1.  c.  (excl.  spec.)  DC.  Syst.  2. 
p.  213.  (excl.  spec.)  C.  A.  Meyer,  in  Ledeb.  FI.  Alt.  3.  p.  13. 
Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  1.  p.  40.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p. 
78.    Endl.  Gen.  4853. 

Tower-Mustard. 


Calyx  loosely  erect ;  the  sepals  equal  at  the  base,  or  the 
lateral  gibbous.  Petals  spatulate,  linear-oblong,  or  obovate, 
the  claw  plane.  Filaments  filiform,  toothless :  anthers 
oblong-linear  or  sagittate.  Ovary  linear :  style  very  short 
or  none  :  stigma  capitate.  Ovules  very  numerous,  forming 
two  rows  in  each  cell. 

Siliqjje  linear,  elongated,  not  stipitate,  flattened  or  com- 
pressed-quadrangular, two-valved  ;  the  valves  one-nerved  in 
the  middle,  nearly  flat  or  somewhat  carinate  :  partition  des- 
titute of  a  midnerve,  formed  of  oblong-linear  and  irregular 
areola?  bounded  by  exceedingly  tortuous  lines.  Seeds  very 
numerous  on  both  placentae,  forming  two  rows  in  each  cell, 
pendulous  on  filiform  free  funiculi,  smooth,  oval,  compress- 
ed, marginless,  or  surrounded  by  a  winged  margin.  Em- 
bryo, &c,  as  in  Arabis. 

Herbs,  chiefly  with  biennial  or  annual  roots,  and  virgate 
leafy  stems ;  the  radical  leaves  spatulate  and  often  toothed  ; 
the  cauline  sessile  or  partly  clasping  by  a  sagittate  or  auricu- 
late  base,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  chiefly  entire.  Raceme  elon- 
gated in  fruit,  ebracteate.  Petals  white  (the  calyx  yellow- 
ish) or  purple. 


Etymology.    An  early  name,  from turris,  a  tower,  of  uncertain  application. 
Geographical  Distribution,  &c.     Tins  genus,  as  now  received,  con- 


144  CRUCIFER/E. 

tains  a  single  European  and  North  Asiatic  species  (T.  glabra,  Linn.),  which 
is  also  found  in  the  northern  parts  of  this  country,  to  which  several,  chiefly 
more  boreal,  American  species  have  recently  been  added.  It  should, 
perhaps,  form  only  a  section  of  Arabis,  and  comprise  A.  Canadensis,  A.  lae- 
vigata, and  A.  pendula. 


PLATE  59.     Turritis  stricta,  Graham;  —  summit  of  a  flowering,  and 
of  a  fruit-bearing  stem  ;    of  the  natural  size ;    from  Watertown, 
New  York. 
1.  A  sepal  ;  and  2,  a  petal;  enlarged. 

3.  Pistil,  magnified  ;  the  base  cut  away  ;  showing  the  two  ranks  of  ovules 

in  each  cell. 

4.  Silique  transversely  divided  below,  magnified,  showing  the  two  ranks 

of  seeds  in  each  cell. 

5.  Replum  from  the  upper  end  of  a  silique,  with  the  seeds  in  place  ;  mag- 

nified. 

6.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

7.  Magnified  seed,  divided  transversely. 


crucifer.-e.  145 

Plate  60,  61. 
STREPTANTHUS,  Nutt. 

Siliqua  et  semina  fere  Axabidis.     Calyx  coloratns.     Petala 
(ssepius  purpurea)  ungue  canaliculato  plerumqne  torto. 

Streptanthus,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  5.  p.  134.  t.  7.  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  3317,  3516,  &  Ic.  PI.  t.  40,  44.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 
Am.  1.  p.  75.    Endl.  Gen.  4852. 


Calyx  colored  (purple  or  purplish):  the  sepals  erect,  the 
lateral  or  all  four  sometimes  gibbous  or  saccate  at  the  base. 
Petals  conspicuously  unguiculate ;  the  claw  canaliculate, 
often  twisted ;  the  lamina  dilated  and  obovate,  or  narrow 
and  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate.  Filaments  subulate,  those 
of  the  longer  pair  of  stamens  frequently  united  into  one ! 
anthers  linear-sagittate.  Ovary  linear  or  oblong :  style 
short  or  none  :  stigma  truncate  or  two-lobed. 

Silio.ue  lineal-,  usually  much  elongated,  not  stipitate,  or 
scarcely  so,  compressed ;  the  valves  flat  or  sometimes  con- 
vex, strongly  one-nerved  in  the  middle ;  the  partition  desti- 
tute of  a  midnerve  (areolation  various).  Seeds  numerous  in 
a  single  row  in  each  cell,  pendulous  on  filiform  free  funiculi, 
oval,  compressed,  usually  wing-margined  and  as  broad  as  the 
partition.  Cotyledons  flat,  parallel  with  the  partition,  ac- 
cumbent  against  the  ascending  radicle  which  is  remote 
from  the  placenta. 

Herbs,  chiefly  annual  or  biennial,  with  undivided  leaves, 
or  the  lowest  lyrate-pinnatifid,  the  cauline  sessile  or  clasp- 
ing, and  virgate  racemes  of  usually  showy  purple  (rarely 
greenish -yellow)  flowers.  Limb  of  the  petals  frequently 
rose-color,  with  a  deep  purple  spot  in.the  centre.  Pedicels 
ebracteate,  except  in  S.  bracteatus,  Plate  60 ! 


Etymology.     Name  composed  of  a-Tpenros.  twisted,  and  &v8ot.  flower ; 
from  the  contorted  claws  of  the  petals. 


I  It")  CRUCIFER.E. 

Geographical  Distribution  and  Division.  A  genus  of  a  dozen  or 
more  known  species,  natives  of  the  drier  and  nearly  unwooded  portions  of 
temperate  North  America  west  of  the  Mississippi,  from  Arkansas  to  Cali- 
fornia.    Two  well-marked  sections  have  been  recognized,  namely, — 

$  1.  Eustkeptanthus.  —  Petals  with  a  broad  dilated  lamina.  Calyx 
loosely  erect. 

§2.  Euclisia,  Nutt.  —  Limb  of  the  petals  narrow  (often  linear)  and  un- 
dulate as  well  as  the  claw.     Calyx  erect,  often  inflated-eonnivent. 

Note.  The  areolation  in  S.  bracteatus  and  S.  obtusifolius  consists  of 
vertical  linear  or  oblong  cells  bounded  by  even  lines ;  that  of  S.  heterophyl- 
lus  ?  (PI.  Coult.)  is  similar,  except  that  the  cells  are  nearly  quadrate ;  S. 
glandulosus  exhibits  long  and  very  irregular  curved  .cells,  bounded  by  sinu- 
ous lines  of  uniform  strength  ;  while,  in  S.  hyacinthoides,  the  lines  are  of 
very  unequal  strength,  some  of  them  appearing  like  veins,  and  branching 
so  as  to  form  minute  amorphous  reticulations,  as  shown  in  Plate  61,  fig.  8. 


PLATE  60.     Streptanthus  bracteatus,  n.  sp.   (Texas,  Lindheimer)  ; 
—  a  branch,  with  a  cauline  leaf,  of  the  natural  size. 
1.  A  sepal,  inside  view  ;  and  2,  a  petal,  enlarged. 

3.  Stamens  and  pistil,  enlarged. 

4.  A  mature  silique  of  S.  obtusifolius,  Nutt.   (Arkansas,  Herb.  Torr.)  ; 

of  the  natural  size. 

5.  Base  of  an  enlarged  silique,  transversely  divided. 

6.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

7.  A  magnified  seed,  divided  transversely. 

8.  Embryo  detached  entire,  and  enlarged. 

PLATE  61.     Streptanthus  (Euclisia)  hyacinthoides,  Hook.;  —  from 
Texas;   the  flowering  summit,  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

2.  A  sepal;  and  3,  a  petal,  more  enlarged. 

4.  Stamens  (one  of  the  larger  pairs  united),  and  pistil,  enlarged. 

5.  A  silique,  of  the  natural  size. 

6.  Summit  of  a  silique,  enlarged,  showing  a  transverse  section. 

7.  Base  of  a  replum,  with  three  seeds,  enlarged,  two  of  them  cut  across. 

8.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified  (the  stronger  lines  are  rep- 

resented somewhat  too  continuous  and  direct). 


CKUCIFERjE.  117 

Plate  62. 
BARBAREA,  R.  Br. 

Siliqua  tetragono-anceps,  valvis  carinatis.  Semina  pluri- 
ma,  in  loculis  uniserialia,  immarginata.  Cotyledones  plana? 
accumbentes.  —  Flores  flavi.  Calyx  erectus.  Folia  lyrato- 
piimatifida,  petiolis  auriculato-amplexicanlibus. 

Barbarea,  R.  Brown,  in  Ait.  Kew.  ed  2.  4.  p.  109.      DC.  Syst.  2.  p. 

205.    Deless.  Ic.  2.  t.  10.      C.  A.  Meyer,  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  3. 

p.  9.     Torr.  &  Gray,  FI.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  75.     Endl.  Gen.  4851. 
Ervsimi  &  Sisymbrii  Sp  ,  Linn. 

Winter-Cress.     Yellow  Rocket. 


Calyx  almost  equal  at  the  base  (yellowish);  the  lateral 
sepals  more  or  less  gibbous  at  the  base,  often  with  a  cor- 
nute  appendage  near  the  apex.  Petals  unguiculate  with  a 
broad  and  plane  claw,  the  lamina  rounded.  Stamens  strong- 
ly tetradynamous :  filaments  subulate,  toothless.  Glands 
6,  two  of  them  larger  and  very  prominent,  one  at  the  base 
of  each  pair  of  long  stamens.  Ovary  linear :  style  short : 
stigma  two-lobed.  Ovules  pendulous,  forming  a  single  se- 
ries in  each  cell. 

SiLiauE  linear,  slightly  compressed,  but  quadrangular,  the 
cross  section  rhombic,  two-valved ;  the  valves  prominently 
carinate-one-nerved,  the  placentas  or  edges  of  the  rephun 
also  a  little  salient :  partition  nerveless ;  the  areolae  oblong 
and  very  irregular,  bounded  by  sinuous  lines.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, pendulous  on  free  filiform  funiculi,  forming  a  single 
row  in  each  cell,  nearly  or  quite  as  broad  as  the  partition, 
oval,  a  little  compressed,  not  margined ;  the  testa  minutely 
punctate.  Cotyledons  plane,  thickish,  parallel  with  the 
partition,  accumbent  against  the  radicle,  which  ascends  on 
the  side  remote  from  the  placenta. 

Herbs  with  biennial  or  perennial  roots,  erect  and  branch- 
ing leafy  stems,  and  lyrate-pinnatifid  leaves,  mostly  auricu- 


148  CRUCIFER.E. 

late-clasping  at  the  base  ;    glabrous  throughout.     Racemes 
elongated  in  fruit,  ebracteate.     Flowers  rather  large,  yellow. 


Etymology.     The  Herb  of  Santa  Barbara;  an  early  popular  name. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  genus  of  few  species,  natives  of 
Europe  and  the  colder  parts  of  North  America.  B.  vulgaris  is  widely  nat- 
uralized, and  B.  praecox  sparingly  so,  in  the  United  States,  but  not  truly  in- 
digenous, except,  perhaps,  on  our  northern  frontier.  Besides  the  popular 
names  given  above,  they  are  sometimes  called  Srurvy-  Grass,  an  appellation 
which  properly  belongs  to  Cochlearia  officinalis. 


PLATE  62.     Barbarea  vulgaris,  R.  Br.;  —  summit  of  a  stem,  of  the 
natural  size  (from  the  naturalized  plant). 
I.  A  sepal  ;  and  2,  a  petal ;  enlarged. 

3.  Stamens  and  pistil,  with  the  hypogynous  glands ;    enlarged.      (The 

pistil  is  wrongly  turned  flatwise,  instead  of  edgewise,  to  the  eye.) 

4.  A  pistil,  more  magnified. 

5.  An  ovule,  much  magnified. 

6.  Silique,  enlarged,  and  transversely  divided. 

7.  Same,  dehiscent,  showing  the  seeds. 

8.  Portion  of  the  replum  and  partition  from  the  base  of  the  pod,  with  the 

seeds,  more  enlarged. 

9.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

10.  A  magnified  seed,  cut  across,  showing  the  thick  accumbent  cotyledons. 

11.  Detached  embryo,  magnified. 


crucifer.e.  149 

Plate  63. 
ERYSIMUM,  L. 

Siliqua  tetragona,  valvis  uninerviis  placentisque  acute  ca- 
rinatis.  Cotyledones  oblongas,  planae,  incumbentes.  —  Calyx 
erectus.  Petala  flava  vel  aurea.  Folia  angusta,  integra, 
haud  amplexicaulia. 

Erysimum,  Linn.  Gen.  814.  (excl.  spec.)  Gaertn.  Fr.  t.  143.  R.  Br.  in 
Ait.  Kew.  1.  c.  p.  115.  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  491.  (excl.  §  1.)  C.  A. 
Meyer,  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  3.  p.  147.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am. 
1.  p.  97.    Endl.  Gen.  4908. 

Treacle-Mustard.     False  Wall-Flower. 


Calyx  erect ;  the  sepals  equal,  or  the  lateral  ones  gibbous 
at  the  base,  and  sometimes  appendiculate  or  cornute  at  the 
apex.  Petals  unguiculate,  the  slender  claw  erect,  the  di- 
lated oblong  or  roundish  lamina  spreading.  Glands  4.  Fil- 
aments subulate  or  filiform,  toothless :  anthers  linear -oblong 
or  elliptical,  often  sagittate.  Ovary  linear,  not  stipitate  : 
style  mostly  short  and  thick  :  stigma  capitate  or  two-lobed. 
Ovules  numerous,  forming  a  single  row  in  each  cell. 

Silique  linear,  usually  long  and  slender,  and  exactly  four- 
sided  (the  cross  section  square  or  rhombic),  with  four  sharp 
and  nearly  similar  angles,  two  of  them  the  projecting  placen- 
ta?, the  others  formed  by  the  strong  nerve  which  occupies 
the  middle  of  each  carinate  (and  rather  coriaceous)  valve : 
partition  nerveless.  Seeds  numerous,  pendulous  on  fili- 
form or  setaceous  free  funiculi,  forming  a  single  row  in  each 
cell,  oblong,  turgid  or  somewhat  three-sided,  not  margined. 
Cotyledons  plane,  oblong,  thickish,  parallel  with  the  pla- 
centae and  incumbent  on  the  ascending  radicle,  which  oc- 
cupies the  side  remote  from  the  placenta  and  is  sometimes 
oblique. 

Herbs,  chiefly  biennials,  more  or  less  scabrous  with 
closely  appressed  rigid  hairs,  which  are  two-parted  (appear- 


150  CRUC1FER.E. 

ing  like  a  single  bristle  fixed  by  the  middle),  or  stellately 
3  -  5-parted  ;  the  stems  virgate,  leafy.  Cauline  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  entire  or  merely  toothed,  sessile  or  short-peti- 
oled,  never  dilated  and  auriculate  or  clasping  at  the  base  ; 
the  radical  sometimes  runcinate-pinnatifid.  Raceme  elon- 
gated in  fruit,  ebracteate.     Flowers  yellow,  often  showy. 


Etymology.  'Epio-ipov,  an  ancient  name,  thought  to  conic  from  epva, 
to  draiv  blisters,  in  allusion  to  the  acrid  properties. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  pretty  large  European,  and  especially 
North  Asiatic  genus,  of  which  there  are  several  Western  N.  American 
species,  but  only  two  or  three  this  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (excepting 
E.  cheiranthoides,  which  was  doubtless  introduced  from  Europe).  The 
species  here  illustrated  alone  crosses  the  Mississippi,  Mr.  Sullivant  having 
long  since  detected  it  in  Central  Ohio. 

Note.  The  areolatiun  appears  to  vary  considerably  in  different  species. 
In  E.  Arkansanum,  the  uniform  amorphous  areolae  are  bounded  by  very  tor- 
tuous lines,  much  as  in  Turritis.  In  this  species  and  its  near  allies,  also, 
the  radicle  is  often  oblique,  or  the  cotyledons,  in  part,  almost  accumbent. 


PLATE  63.     Erysimum   Arkansanum,  Nutt. ;  —  summit  of  a  flowering 
stem  ;  natural  size.     (From  Ohio,  Sullivant.) 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation  of  the  petals  at  an  earlier  period    (more 

deeply  convolute) . 

3.  A  flower-bud,  enlarged. 

4.  A  lateral,  and  5,  an  anterior  sepal,  enlarged. 

6.  A  petal,  equally  enlarged. 

7.  Stamens  and  pistil,  enlarged. 

8.  A  silique,  of  the  natural  size. 

9.  Transverse  section  of  the  base  of  a  pod,  magnified. 

10.  Replum,  with  style  and  stigma,  and  three  seeds  in  place,  enlarged  ; 

two  of  these  cut  across  to  show  the  cotyledons,  which  in  the  lower 
seed  are  almost  accumbent. 

11.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 


L'RUCIFER.E.  151 


Plate  64. 
SISYMBRIUM,  L.,  R.  Br. 

Siliqua  haud  stipitata,  hexagono-teretiuscula  vel  compres- 
so-teretiuscula,  valvis  convexis,  1  -  3-nerviis.  Cotyledones 
lineari-oblongas,  planae,  incumbentes.  —  Calyx  laxus.  Flores 
albi,  interdum  flavi. 

Sisymbrium,  Linn.  Gen.  813.  Allioni,  Fl.  Piedm.  1.  p.  274.  R.  Br.  in 
Ait.  Kew.  1.  c.  C.  A.  Meyer,  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  3.  p.  122. 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  91.     Endl.  Gen.  4'JOG. 

Erysimum,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  228.  t.  111.  non  Linn. 

Hedge-Mustard. 


Calyx  loosely  erect ;  the  sepals  equal  at  the  base.  Pe- 
tals obovate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  unguiculate.  Fila- 
ments filiform  or  subulate-setaceous,  toothless  :  anthers 
oblong  or  oval.  Glands  various.  Ovary  sessile  on  the 
receptacle,  oblong  or  linear :  style  usually  very  short  or 
none  :  stigma  subcapitate,  mostly  undivided.  Ovules  nu- 
merous in  one  or  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

Silio.uk  not  stipitate,  cylindrical  or  tapering-subulate, 
linear,  or  rarely  oblong,  mostly  elongated,  obscurely  six- 
sided,  the  convex  valves  being  marked  with  three  nerves, 
or  rarely  somewhat  four-sided,  the  lateral  nerves  being  in- 
conspicuous or  obsolete,  sometimes  more  flattened,  two- 
celled  ;  the  partitions  1  -  2-nerved  in  the  middle,  or  nerve- 
less ;  the  areolae  of  various  forms  (in  S.  canescens  nearly  as 
in  Barbarea,  Plate  62,  fig.  9,  but  the  lines  more  descending 
and  scarcely  tortuous).  Seeds  numerous,  pendulous  on  fili- 
form free  funiculi,  in  one  row,  or  irregularly  in  two  rows 
in  each  cell,  oblong,  not  margined,  smooth.  Cotyledons 
linear-oblong,  plane,  parallel  with  the  placentas,  incumbent 
(sometimes  obliquely)  on  the  outer  side  of  the  ascending 
radicle. 

Herbs,  either  smooth,  or  with   simple  or  branched   pubes- 


152  CRUCIFER.E. 

cence,  with  simple  or  2  -  3-pinnately  dissected  leaves,  and 
white  or  yellow  flowers.  Racemes  elongated  in  fruit,  ebrac- 
teate,  or  rarely  with  the  flowers  subtended  with  leaf-like 
bracts. 


Etymology.     'Sio-ifi^piov,  an  ancient  name  for  some  plants  of  this  family. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  pretty  large  genus,  widely  dis- 
tributed over  the  world,  comprising  some  heterogeneous  forms.  S.  offici- 
nale, the  Hedge-Mustard,  an  introduced  plant  with  us,  represents  a  section 
which  may  perhaps  be  taken  as  the  type  of  the  genus.  Our  figure  illus- 
trates only  the  section  Irio,  D  C. 


PLATE  64.     Sisymbrium  canescens,  Nutt. ;  —  a  small  plant;    natural 
size.     (Texas,  Lindheimer.) 

1 .  A  flower,  enlarged. 

2.  A  sepal,  and  3,  a  petal,  more  enlarged. 

4.  Stamens  and  pistil. 

5.  A  ripe  silique,  enlarged. 

6.  The  same,  divided  transversely  near  the  base. 

7.  Portion  of  the  replum,  with  seeds,  more  magnified. 

8.  A  magnified  seed,  divided,  showing  the  incumbent  cotyledons. 

9.  Hairs  from  the  foliage,  magnified. 


CRUCIFERjE.  153 

Plate  65. 
STANLEYA,    Nutt. 

Siliqua  longe  stipitata,  gracilis,  tetragono-teretiuscula,  val- 
vis  carinato-uninerviis.  Semina  in  loculis  uniserialia.  Co- 
tyledones  lineares  iiicumbentes. — Herbae  perennes.  Sepala 
patentia,  ligulata.  Petala  angusta,  lutea,  unguibus  praelon- 
gis  conniventibus. 

Stanleya,  Nutt.  Gen.  2.  p.  21.     DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  511.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 

N.  Am.  1.  p.  97.     Endl.  Gen.  4016. 
Podolobus,  Raf.  in  Amer.  IMontli.  Mag.  6.  p.  194. 


Calyx  loosely  spreading,  colored  (yellow) :  sepals  equal, 
or  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  gibbous  at  the  base,  linear-lig- 
ulate,  elongated,  slightly  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Petals 
scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx,  with  very  long  claws,  which 
are  connivent,  and  in  S.  pinnatifida  slightly  coherent  by  the 
pubescence  of  their  margins  into  a  slender  quadrangular  tube, 
in  S.  integrifolia  the  glabrous  and  distinct  claws  are  dilated 
at  the  base ;  the  short  and  spreading  lamina  linear  or  spatu- 
late,  entire.  Stamens  tetradynamous  ;  the  filaments  but 
little  unequal,  filiform,  elongated  and  exserted,  toothless  : 
anthers  linear,  spirally  revolute  when  dry.  Torus  dilated, 
bearing  2  to  4  large  glands.  Ovary  oblong-linear  or  linear, 
raised  from  the  torus  on  a  stipe  (gynophore)  much  longer 
than  itself,  two-celled,  somewhat  flattened  contrary  to  the 
cells:  stigma  sessile  or  nearly  so,  entire.  Ovules  numerous, 
pen'dulous,  forming  a  single  row  in  each  cell. 

Siliqjje  linear,  slender,  long-stipitate  (the  stipe  exceeding 
the  pedicel),  between  terete  and  quadrangular,  the  valves 
carinate  with  a  midnerve :  partition  nerveless,  the  areolae 
(in  S.  pinnatifida)  narrowly  linear  and  elongated,  vertical, 
bounded  by  even  lines.  Seeds  pendulous,  forming  a  single 
row  in  each  cell,  on  filiform  free  funiculi,  oblong  or  linear- 
11 


151  CRUCIFERjK 

oblong,  somewhat  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition,  not 
margined,  smooth.  Cotyledons  linear,  almost  terete,  par- 
allel with  the  placentae,  a  little  longer  than  the  radicle 
against  which  they  are  incumbent  (on  the  side  next  the 
placenta). 

Herbs  with  perennial  roots,  leafy  stems,  and  glaucous 
smooth  foliage  ;  the  leaves  pinnately  divided  or  entire. 
Flowers  golden-yellow  or  greenish-yellow,  pretty  large,  in 
more  or  less  elongated  racemes,  ebracteate.  Flower-buds 
linear-clavate. 


Etymology.  Dedicated  by  Mr.  Nuttall  to  Lord  Stanley,  who  was  dis- 
tinguished as  an  ornithologist  and  patron  of  natural  history. 

Properties.  These  plants  differ  from  the  rest  of  the  family,  and  resem- 
ble Capparidaceee  (to  which  they  approach  somewhat  in  structure)  in  their 
nauseous  and  emetic  qualities.     (Vide  Nuttall,  I.  c.) 

Geographical  Distribution.  The  genus  was  established  on  S.  pinna- 
tifida  (the  Cleome  pinnatifida,  Pursh,  first  gathered  on  the  Upper  Missouri 
by  Bradbury),  of  which  Mr.  Nuttall  gave  an  admirable  description  ;  a  sec- 
ond species  from  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  detected  by  Dr. 
James,  and  two  others  were  subsequently  found  in  the  same  region  by  Nut- 
tall himself.  The  genus  is  restricted  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  except  as  to 
the  original  species,  which  descends  the  Missouri  for  a  great  distance. 


PLATE  65.  Stanleya  pinnatifida,  Nutt.; — summit  of  a  young  flow- 
ering stem,  collected  on  the  Missouri  by  Mr.  Sprague;  of  the  nat- 
ural size. 

1.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

2.  An  anterior  sepal ;  and  3,  a  petal,  enlarged. 

4.  Pistil,  with  the  stipe  and  receptacle,  enlarged. 

5.  A  ripe  dehiscent  silique,  enlarged  ;  from  an  original  specimen  of  Brad- 

bury, in  Herb.  Lambert. 

6.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

7.  Seed,  magnified.     (From  specimens  gathered  by  Mr.  Sprague.) 

8.  The  same,  transversely  divided. 

9.  Embryo  detached  entire,  equally  magnified. 


CRUCIFERjE.  155 

Plate  66. 
WAREA,  Nutt. 

Siliqua  longe  stipitata,  gracilis,  compressa,  valvis  planius- 
culis  dorso  uninerviis.  Semina  in  loculis  uniserialia.  Coty- 
ledones  oblongEe,  planas,  oblique  incumbentes,  radicula  ad 
apicem  saspe  rimali. — Herba?  annua?.  Sepala  erectiuscula. 
Petala  patentia,  longe  unguiculata,  lamina  dilatata,  purpurea 
seu  alba.     Racemi  umbelliformes. 

Warea,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Pliilad.  7.  p.  83.  t.  10.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 

N.  Am.  1.  p.  98.     Endl.  Gen.  41117. 
Cleomes  Sp.,  Mulil.  Cat.  p.  64. 
Stanley*  Sp.,  Nutt.  in  Sill   Jour  5.  p.  297.     DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  200. 


Calyx  equal,  colored  (purplish  or  greenish-white) ;  the 
sepals  linear  or  spatulate,  soon  spreading.  Petals  un- 
guiculate,  the  elongated  claws  exceeding  the  calyx,  loosely 
spreading,  bearing  a  dilated  cuneiform-spatulate  or  nearly 
orbicular  lamina,  often  with  minutely  erose-undulate  mar- 
gins, in  aestivation  either  convolute,  or  with  one  petal  entire- 
ly external.  Stamens  rather  slightly  tetradynamous :  fila- 
ments almost  capillary,  much  exserted  :  anthers  linear- 
oblong,  spirally  revolute  when  dry.  Glands  of  the  dilated 
torus  4,  conspicuous  in  pairs  in  front  of  the  shorter  stamens. 
Ovary  oblong-linear,  two-celled,  raised  above  the  torus  on  a 
filiform  stipe  (gynophore)  which  is  usually  longer  than  the 
ovary :  stigma  sessile,  emarginate.  Ovules  numerous,  in  a 
single  row  in  each  cell. 

Silio_ue  narrowly  linear,  conspicuously  stipitate,  falcate- 
curved,  compressed  parallel  with  the  partition,  two-celled  ; 
the  flattish  valves  one-nerved  in  the  middle  and  minutely 
veiny;  the  delicate  partition  nerveless,  composed  of  slender 
longitudinal  areolae  of  various  outline,  many  of  them  bound- 
ed by  sinuous  lines.  Seeds  very  numerous,  pendulous  on 
11  * 


150  CRl  <  M'Ui.i. 

fililbrm  free  funiculi,  forming  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  as 
broad  as  the  partition,  oblaug,  somewhat  compressed,  not 
margined.  Cotyledons  narrowly  oblong,  thickish,  plane, 
sometimes  parallel  with  the  placenta  and  incumbent  on  the 
ascending  radicle,  which  rests  on  the  middle  of  one  of 
them,  or  is  exactly  dorsal,  sometimes  oblique  and  at  the 
upper  part  parallel  with  the  partition,  so  as  there  to  be  nearly 
or  quite  accumbent. 

Herbs,  entirely  glabrous,  with  annual  fibrous  roots,  and 
slender  upright  and  branching  stems,  bearing  numerous  spat- 
ulate-oblong  or  ovate-oblong  entire  leaves,  which  are  nearly 
sessile  or  partly  clasping,  and  handsome  rose-purple  or  white 
flowers  in  abbreviated  umbel-like  racemes,  the  rachis  of 
which  scarcely  elongates  in  fruit ;  the  slender  pods  recurved- 
spreading  or  pendulous.     Bracts  none. 


Etymology.  Dedicated  by  Nuttall  to  Mr.  N.  A.  Ware,  who  collected 
one  species  in  Florida. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  two  closely  allied  species  of 
Georgia  and  Florida,  allied  to  Stanleya,  and  especially  to  Thelypodium,  Endl. 
(Pachypodiuin,  Nutt.),  with  which,  as  our  figures  show,  it  frequently  ac- 
cords in  having  the  cotyledons  oblique,  so  as  to  become  almost  accumbent. 


PLATE  G6.     Warea  cuneifolia,  Nutt.;  —  summit  of  a  stem  in  flower 
and  in  young  fruit ;  of  the  natural  size.     (Georgia,  Dr.  Wray.) 

1.  Diagram  of  a  flower  ;  the  petals  convolute  in  aestivation. 

2.  ^Estivation  of  the  corolla  of  a  different  flower  ;  one  petal  external. 

3.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  A  sepal,  inside  view ;  and  5,  a  petal,  enlarged. 

6.  Stamens,  pistil,  and  receptacle,  equally  enlarged. 

7.  A  silique,  transversely  divided  above  the  base,  with  its  stipe,  torus,  and 

part  of  the  pedicel ;  enlarged. 

8.  Replum,  from  the  base  of  the  silique,  enlarged ;  the  two  lower  seeds 

cut  across,  showing  the  cotyledons  accumbent  at  the  section  in  the 
lowest,  and  very  oblique  in  the  middle  one. 

9.  Tissue  from  the  edge  of  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

10.  A  magnified  seed  thrice  divided,  to  show  the  position  of  the  radicle 
and  the  cotyledons  at  various  points  ;  namely,  the  radicle  dorsal 
where  it  joins  the  cotyledons,  and  rimal  at  the  summit. 


CRUCIFEIkE.  157 

Plate  67. 
SELENIA,  Nutt. 

Silicula  ovalis,  compressissima,  vix  stipitata,  stylo  longe 
subulata  j  valvis  fere  planis  septo  lato  (saspe  incompleto) 
parallelis.  Semina  plurima,  plana,  alata,  funiculis  filiformi- 
bus  liberis.  Cotyledones  plana?  accumbentes  ;  radicula 
brevi  placentas  remota.  —  Flores  flavi,  in  racemis  folioso- 
bracteatis  ;  foliis  pinnatifidis. 

Selenia,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  5.  p.  132.  I.  6.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 
N.  Am.  1.  p.  99.     End!.  Gen. -1^4. 


Calyx  nearly  equal  at  the  base,  colored  (yellow);  the 
sepals  loose  or  spreading,  oblong-linear.  Petals  spatulate, 
spreading,  tapering  into  a  claw  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Stamens  shorter  than  the  petals  :  filaments  filiform,  tooth- 
less :  anthers  oblong,  emarginate  at  both  ends.  Glands 
10,  yellow,  of  which  8  form  an  outer  series,  one  before  each 
sepal  and  petal,  and  two  thicker  ones  stand  one  before  each 
of  the  shorter  stamens  (opposite  the  valves  of  the  pod). 
Ovary  oblong,  turgid,  contracted  at  the  base  but  scarcely 
stipitate,  two-celled,  or  only  one-celled,  the  partition  being 
imperfect :  style  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  ovary  : 
stigma  depressed-capitate,  entire.  Ovules  several  (6  to  10) 
on  each  placenta,  horizontal,  on  long  and  filiform  free  fu- 
niculi, forming  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

Silicle  broadly  oval,  much  compressed  parallel  with  the 
very  broad  partition,  slightly  margined,  abruptly  subulate 
with  the  long  persistent  style,  contracted  into  a  slightly 
stipitiform  base ;  the  valves  membranaceous,  flattened,  or 
when  young  slightly  turgid,  minutely  veiny,  nerveless ;  the 
broad  partition  very  thin,  complete  or  fenestrate,  sometimes 
reduced  to  a  mere  border  not  wider  than  the  filiform  or  ca- 
pillary free  funiculi ;  the  areola:   irregular  and  bounded  by 


158  CRUC1FER.-E. 

nearly  even  lines.  Seeds  4  to  8  on  each  placenta,  horizon- 
tal, or  toward  the  summit  pendulous,  forming  two  rows  in 
each  cell,  orbicular,  flat,  surrounded  by  a  firm  and  rather 
broad  wing,  the  cavity  extended  into  a  kind  of  pouch  or 
CEecum  next  the  hilum  on  the  lower  or  placental  side,  into 
which  the  embryo  does  not  extend.  Cotyledons  orbicular, 
flat,  parallel  with  the  partition,  accumbent  against  the  radi- 
cle, which  is  very  short  and  ascending,  or  nearly  horizon- 
tal, on  the  side  remote  from  the  placenta. 

Herb  annual  or  biennial,  low,  smooth,  branching  from  the 
base,  leafy,  terminated  by  racemes  of  pretty  large,  yellow 
flowers  ;  the  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid  :  the  filiform  pedicels 
subtended  by  foliaceous  bracts  like  the  leaves. 


Etymology.  From  o-(\i)vr),  the  moon ;  a  name  chosen  to  express  the  near 
relationship  of  the  genus  to  Lunaria. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Only  one  species  is  known  (unless  the 
form  with  the  partition  obsolete  should  prove  distinct),  which  grows  in  damp 
prairies  of  Arkansas  and  the  adjacent  part  of  Texas. 

Note.  The  areolae  of  the  partition  are  said  to  be  linear  and  transverse 
by  Torrey,  in  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  3.  p.  94,  and  in  the  Flora  of 
North  America,  1.  c.  (which  would  lie  like  those  of  Lunaria  rediviva)  ;  but 
in  our  specimens,  which,  however,  all  belong  to  the  variety  with  an  incom- 
plete partition  to  the  pod,  they  are  seldom  more  than  oblong,  and  in  great 
part  oblique  or  vertical,  as  represented  at  fig.  7.  The  singular  pouch  just 
below  the  hilum  gives  to  the  seed  so  exactly  the  appearance  of  being  resu- 
pinate,  as  in  Cremolobus,  that  it  was  thus  described  in  the  Flora  of  North 
America,  1.  c,  and  a  distinct  tribe  accordingly  established  for  its  reception. 
But  the  radicle  lies  on  the  other  side,  as  shown  in  our  analyses ;  and  the 
genus  therefore  belongs  to  Alyssinese,  next  to  Lunaria. 


PLATE  67.     Selenia  aurea,  Nutt.;  —  var.  with  the  partition  of  the  pod 
incomplete,  natural  size  ;  from  Arkansas,  Dr.  Leavenworth. 
1.  A  sepal ;   and  2,  a  petal,  enlarged. 

3.  Stamens  and  pistil,  enlarged. 

4.  Pistil,  more  magnified  (the  glands  not  well  represented). 

5.  Silicle,  of  the  natural  size,  transversely  divided. 

6.  The  replum  and  seeds,  enlarged. 

7.  Tissue  from  the  imperfect  partition,  highly  magnified. 

8.  A  seed,  enlarged. 

9.  Same,  with  the  integuments  cut  away  to  show  the  embryo  in  place. 

10.  An  enlarged  seed,  transversely  divided. 

11.  The  embryo  detached  entire,  enlarged. 


cruc1fer.e  159 

Plate  68,  69. 
DRABA,   L. 

Silicula  oblonga  v.  ovalis,  plano-compressa,  polysperma, 
valvis  septo  lato  parallelis  complanatis.  Semina  compressi- 
uscula  immarginata.  Cotyledones  plana?  accumbentes.  Fi- 
lamenta  edentula,  seepius  complanata. 

Draba,  Linn.  Gen.  800.  (excl.  spec.)     Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  179.     R.  Br. 
in  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  2.  4.  p.  91.    Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  103. 
Draba  <&  Erophila,  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  331,  356.  (excl.  spec.)     C.  A.  Mey- 
er, in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  3.  p.  69.     Endl.  Gen.  4880,  4881. 

Whitlow-Grass. 


Calyx  equal  at  the  base  •;  the  sepals  erect  or  a  little 
spreading.  Petals  somewhat  unguiculate ;  the  lamina  di- 
lated, entire,  emarginate,  or  (in  Sect.  Erophila)  two-lobed. 
Stamens  moderately  tetradynamous  :  filaments  mostly  flat- 
tened and  more  or  less  dilated  towards  the  base,  not  toothed 
nor  with  membranaceous  appendages :  anthers  roundish  or 
oval.  Ovary  two-celled  :  style  short  or  elongated :  stigma 
capitate  or  depressed,  usually  entire.  Ovules  6  to  30  in 
each  cell  in  two  series. 

Silicle  varying  from  oval  to  linear-oblong,  not  stipitate, 
sometimes  twisted,  compressed  parallel  to  the  broad  and 
mostly  1  -  2-nerved  partition  ;  the  valves  flat  with  incurved 
edges,  one-nerved,  or  sometimes  three-nerved,  and  minutely 
veiny  (areola?  of  the  partition  much  as  in  Arabis).  Seeds 
6  to  30  in  each  cell,  pendulous  in  two  rows,  on  slender  free 
funiculi,  oval  or  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed,  not  mar- 
gined, smooth.  Cotyledons  parallel  with  the  partition, 
oval,  rather  thick,  accumbent ;  the  radicle  ascending  on 
the  side  remote  from  the  placenta. 

Herbs  low,  of  various  aspect,  with  entire  or  toothed 
leaves,  the  radical  mostly  rosulate,  the  cauline  when  present 
sessile.     Flowers  yellow  or  white,  in  ebracteate  racemes. 


160  CRUCIFER.&. 

Etymology.     Name  from  hpajin,  acrid;  in  allusion  to  the  pungent  taste. 

Geographical  Distribution  and  Division.  A  genus  of  70  or  80  de- 
scribed species,  the  greater  part  natives  of  the  colder,  and  especially  of  the 
arctic  and  alpine,  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  There  are  22  South 
American  species,  of  which  three  belong  to  Patagonia  and  the  Falkland  Isl- 
ands, and  the  rest  to  the  Andes.  The  species  (of  which  there  are  very  few 
in  the  United  States)  are  grouped  under  several  sections,  and  divided  by  De 
Candolle  into  two  genera,  namely, — 

§  1.  Draba,  DC. — Petals  entire  or  merely  emarginate.  Silicle  ellipti- 
cal, oblong,  or  linear. 

§2.  Erophiljj,  .D  C.  —  Petals  2-cleft.     Silicle  oval  or  elliptical. 


PLATE  68.     Draba  arabisans,  Michx. ; —  specimen  in  fruit,  of  the  nat- 
ural size,  from  St.  Lawrence  county,  New  York. 

1.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

2.  A  sepal  ;  and  3,  a  petal,  more  enlarged. 

4.  Stamens  and  pistil,  enlarged. 

5.  A  silicle,  enlarged. 

6.  Portion  of  the  replum,  with  the  seeds,  more  enlarged. 

7.  Magnified  seed,  divided,  to  show  the  accumbent  cotyledons. 
PLATE  69.     Draba  (Erophila)  vernta,  Linn.;  —  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  A  magnified  flower. 

2.  A  sepal ;  and  3,  a  petal,  more  magnified. 

4.  A  stamen,  equally  magnified. 

5.  A  magnified  silicle,  transversely  divided. 

6.  The  replum  with  the  seeds,  more  magnified. 

7.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

8.  A  magnified  seed,  divided,  showing  the  accumbent  cotyledons. 


CRUCIFERiE.  1(31 


Plate  70. 
VESICARIA,  Lam. 

Silicula  inflata,  globosa ;  valvis  haemisphericis  aut  valde 
convexis :  septo  lato  orbiculari.  Semina  plura,  funiculis  basi 
septo  adnatis.  Cotyledones  planas  accumbentes.  Filamen- 
ta  edentula.  —  Herbae  pilis  stellatis  plerumque  canescentes. 
Flores  flavi. 

Vesicaria,  Lam.  III.  t.  550.    R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Kcw.  ed.  2.  4.  p.  07.     Desv. 

in  Jour.  Bot.  3.  p.  171.     DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  205.     Torr.  &  Gray,  FI. 

N.  Am.  1.  p.  101  (excl.  §  3).     Endl.  Gen.  4869. 
Alyssi  Sp  ,  Linn.     Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  181. 


Calyx  equal  at  the  base  ;  the  sepals  loose,  oblong.  Pe- 
tals obovate  or  cuneiform-spatulate,  entire  or  barely  emar- 
ginate,  more  or  less  unguiculate,  spreading,  in  aestivation 
either  entirely  convolute,  or  one  of  them  exterior.  Fila- 
ments filiform  or  subulate,  toothless,  commonly  more  or  less 
thickened  at  the  base  :  anthers  oblong.  Glands  (in  V. 
Engelmannii)  two  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  of  each 
short  stamen.  Ovary  globular  or  ovoid,  usually  raised  on  a 
very  short  thick  stipe :  style  filiform,  elongated  :  stigma 
capitate.  Ovules  numerous,  horizontal  or  pendulous  in  two 
rows  in  each  cell ;  the  funiculi  adnate  more  or  less  to  the 
partition. 

Silicle  globose-inflated,  sessile  on  the  receptacle,  or  some- 
what stipitate :  the  valves  hemispherical  and  membrana- 
ceous, or  strongly  convex  and  nearly  coriaceous,  nerveless : 
partition  (rarely  imperfect)  broad,  orbicular  or  broadly  obo- 
vate  ;  the  areolae  (in  V.  Engelm. )  oblong  or  linear,  sinuous, 
directed  towards  the  axis.  Seeds  4  to  12  in  each  cell,  in 
two  rows,  on  filiform  funiculi  which  are  adnate  to  the  parti- 
tion for  a  part  of  their  length,  orbicular,  compressed,  often 
margined.  Cotyledons  flat,  parallel  with  the  septum,  ac- 
cumbent :  the  radicle  ascending  on  the  side  remote  from 
the  placenta. 


162  CRUC1FER.E. 

Herbs  low  and  spreading  or  tufted ;  with  entire  or  repand, 
rarely  pinnatifid,  narrow  leaves,  usually  canescent  or  hoary 
with  close  stellate  pubescence  ;  the  showy  yellow  flowers  in 
ebracteate  terminal  racemes. 


Etymology.  Name  from  vesica,  a  bladder;  in  allusion  to  the  inflated  or 
bladder-like  silicles. 

Geographical  Distribution.     A  genus  of  a  very  few  South  European 
species,  of  one  subarctic  American,  and  about  a  dozen  other  known  species 
(several  of  which  are  yet  undescribed)  belonging  chiefly  to  the  region  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  greater  portion  Texan 
Only  one  species  (V.  Shortii,  Torr.  <Sf  Gr.)  is  found  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

Note.  The  section  Physaria,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  Jir  Gray,  Fl.  1.  c,  found- 
ed on  V.  didymoearpa,  Hook.,  now  confirmed  by  a  second  species  (V.  Gey- 
eri,  Hook.),  must  surely  be  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  genus,  distinguished  from 
Vesicaria,  and  differing  from  the  character  of  Alyssineae,  by  the  strongly  di- 
dymous  silicle  with  a  narrow  partition.     (P.  didymoearpa  and  P.  Geyeri.) 


PLATE  70.  Vesicaria  Engelmannii,  n.  sp.  ;  —  a  small  specimen  of  the 
natural  size  (the  sinuate-toothed  radical  leaves  wanting),  from 
Texas,  Lindheimer. 

1.  Apex  of  a  sepal,  magnified,  to  show  the  stellate  pubescence. 

2.  One  of  the  stellate  hairs,  more  magnified. 

3.  Diagram  of  the  flower,  in  a  cross  section. 

4.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

5.  A  sepal  (inside  view)  ;  and  6,  a  petal,  more  enlarged. 

7.  Stamens  and  pistil,  enlarged.     (In  the  living  plant  the  filaments  are 

thicker  at  the  base  than  is  represented.) 

8.  A  stamen  (wanting  the  base  of  the  filament),  more  enlarged. 

9.  Enlarged  replum,  with  the  style,  &c,  and  one  seed. 

10.  Tissue  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

11.  Transverse  section  of  an  enlarged  silicle,  and  of  the  seeds. 

12.  A  magnified  seed. 

13.  Magnified  embryo,  detached  entire. 


crucifer^e.  163 

Plate  71. 
SUBULARIA,  L. 

Silicula  globoso-ovalis,  mutica,  septo  elliptico  contrarie 
compressiuscula ;  valvis  ventricosis.  Semina  plura.  Coty- 
ledones  incumbentes,  lineares,  bicrures.  —  Herba  parva,  foliis 
omnibus  radicalibus  elongato-subulatis  cellulosis,  scapo  pau- 
cifloro,  floribus  minimis  albis. 

Scbularia,  Linn.  Gen.  799.  Fl.  Dan.  t  35.  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Kew.  I.  c. 
p.  91.  DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  697.  Hook.  Fl.  Lond.  1. 135.  C.A.Mey- 
er, in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  3.  p.  218.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1. 
p.  113.  •  Endl.  Gen.  4977. 

Awlwort. 


Calyx  equal,  spreading ;  the  sepals  oval,  caducous.  Pe- 
tals spatulate  or  narrowly  oblong,  entire,  spreading,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  calyx,  caducous.  Stamens  slightly  but  dis- 
tinctly tetradynamous :  filaments  subulate,  toothless:  an- 
thers roundish,  somewhat  cordate.  Ovary  globular,  two- 
celled,  somewhat  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition  :  style 
none  :  stigma  obscurely  two-lobed.  Ovules  numerous, 
forming  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

^ilicle  somewhat  pyriform-oval,  turgid,  slightly  com- 
pressed contrary  to  the  elliptical  nerveless  partition,  raised 
at  the  base  on  a  short  or  obscure  stipe,  abrupt  at  the  point- 
less apex,  membranaceous ;  the  valves  convex-ventricose, 
1— 3-nerved:  areolae  of  the  partition  oblong-linear,  sinuous 
or  curved.  Seeds  elliptical,  somewhat  compressed  parallel 
with  the  partition,  not  margined,  smooth,  4  to  6  in  each 
cell,  pendulous  on  setaceous  funiculi  which  are  slightly 
adnate  to  the  partition  at  their  base.  Cotyledons  linear, 
thickish,  parallel  with  the  placentae,  thrice  the  length  of  the 
short  ascending  radicle  against  which  they  are  incumbent 
at  their  upper  portion,  their  base  forming  half  of  the  radicu- 
lar (inner)  side  of  the  embryo;  that  is,  the  cotyledons  are 


104  CRUCIFEIUE. 

transversely  folded  upon  themselves,  instead  of  being   up- 
wardly bent  upon  the  radicle  at  their  very  base. 

Herb  small,  aquatic,  with  a  tuft  of  annual  fibrous  roots, 
from  which  rise  clustered  terete  and  elongated-subulate 
loosely  cellular  leaves,  and  naked  scapes,  bearing  a  raceme 
of  few  and  minute  white  flowers. 


Etymology.  Name  formed  from  subula,  an  awl  ;  in  allusion  to  the  shape 
of  the  leaves. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  a  single  species,  indigenous 
to  the  colder  parts  of  the  northern  temperate  zone,  growing  on  the  gravelly 
margins  of  lakes  and  pools,  where  it  is  ordinarily  covered  with  water.  In 
the  United  States  this  little  plant  has  as  yet  heen  detected  only  in  the  State 
of  Maine,  where  it  was  gathered  long  ago  by  Nuttall*  and  recently  by  Tuck- 
erman  and  by  Oakes.  Probably  it  is  not  local,  however,  but  has  escaped 
notice  in  the  North  from  its  size  and  the  place  of  growth  as  much  as  from 
its  rarity. 


PLATE  71.  Subularia  aqdatica,  Linn. ;  —  in  flower  and  fruit,  of  the 
natural  size  ;  from  fresh  specimens  gathered  in  Maine  and  sent  by 
Mr.  Oakes. 

1.  A  magnified  leaf,  cut  across  at  the  base,  to  show  the  air-cells. 

2.  A  flower,  magnified. 

3.  A  sepal ;  and  4,  a  petal,  more  magnified. 

5.  A  magnified  stamen,  back  view  ;  and  6,  inside  view  of  the  same. 

7.  Pistil,  magnified. 

8.  A  transverse  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  ovules,  &c.  • 

9.  An  ovule,  much  magnified. 

10.  A  silicle,  magnified. 

1 1 .  Same,  dehiscent,  showing  the  seeds. 

12.  A  detached  valve  of  the  same,  seen  obliquely  from  the  inside. 

13.  Replum  and  seeds,  with  the  partition  towards  the  eye  ;   magnified. 

14.  A  seed,  more  magnified. 

15.  Same,  showing  two  transverse  sections  of  the  embryo  at  different 

heights. 
Hi.   Magnified  embryo,  detached  entire. 


CRUCIFERjE.  165 

Plate   72. 
SENEBIERA,   Poir. 

Silicula  didyma,  septo  angustissimo  contrarie  compressi- 
uscula,  2-locularis  ;  loculis  indehiscentibus,  reticulato-rugosis 
vel  cristatis,  monospermis.  Cotyledones  incumbentes,  line- 
ares,  bicrures.  —  Herbae  multicaules  ramosse,  foliis  incisis  vel 
1  -  2-pirmatifidis,  floribus  minimis  albidis. 

Senebiera,  Poir.  Diet.  7.  p.  75.      Pers.  Syn.  2.  p.  185.      DC.  Sysl.  2. 

p.  521.      Deless.  Ic.  2.  t.  71.      Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p. 

114.     Endi.  Gen.  4975. 
Coronopus,  Hall.  Helv.  1.  p.  217.     Ga?rtn.  Fr.  t.  242.     R.  Br.  in  Ait. 

Kew.  I.  c.  p.  76.     Nutt.  Gen.  2.  p.  64.   non  Tourn. 
Cochlears  &  Lepidii  Sp.,  Linn.     Scbkuhr,  Hanclb.  t.  181. 
Nasturtiolum  &  Carara,  Medik.  Gen.  1.  p.  33.  t.  1,  2. 

Wart-Cress. 


Caltx  equal  at  the  base,  spreading  ;  the  sepals  oval,  cadu- 
cous. Petals  small,  spatulate  or  linear,  or  abortive.  Sta- 
mens 6  and  tetradynamous,  or  4  (the  shorter  abortive),  or  2, 
one  opposite  each  placenta,  that  is,  occupying  the  position  of 
the  longer  pairs  :  filaments  subulate :  anthers  didymous. 
Ovary  globular,  and  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  par- 
tition :  style  none :  stigma  entire.  Ovule  single  in  each 
cell,  pendulous  from  near  its  summit. 

Silicle  strongly  didymous,  compressed  contrary  to  the 
very  narrow  partition,  the  closed  valves  or  cells  globular  or 
ovoid,  indehiscent,  nut-like,  rugose-reticulated,  or  crested  on 
the  hack,  one-seeded.  Seed  suspended,  obliquely  obovate, 
somewhat  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition,  smooth. 
Cotyledons  linear,  thickish,  bent  transversely  below  the 
middle,  so  that  the  upper  part  is  incumberit  against  the  as- 
cending radicle. 

Herbs  with  annual  or  biennial  roots  ;  the  stems  branched 
from  the  base,  diffuse  or  decumbent,  the  leaves  incisely  ser- 
rate, or  1  —  2-pinnately  parted.  Racemes  opposite  the  leaves, 
often  abbreviated,  ebracteate  :  the  flowers  minute,  white. 


I6(i  CRUC1FEK.E 

Etymology.  Dedicated  to  Senebier,  a  well-known  vegetable  physiolo- 
gist of  the  last  century. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  a  few,  chiefly  tropical  spe- 
cies :  one,  however,  is  a  native  of  Europe,  and  is  very  sparingly  introduced 
into  this  country ;  while  another,  which  extends  northward  to  Virginia,  has 
also  been  widely  diffused  over  the  Old  World. 


PLATE  72.     Senebiera  pinnatifida,  DC;  —  a  branch,  natural  size. 

1.  A  flower,  magnified.      (Diandrous,  the  two  stamens  occupying  the 

place  of  the  longer  pairs :  the  two  subulate  bodies  by  the  side  of 
each,  resembling  sterile  filaments,  from  their  position  are  probably 
abortive  petals.) 

2.  A  magnified  sepal,  separate. 

3.  A  stamen,  more  magnified,  inside  view. 

4.  Silicle,  magnified. 

5.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  seeds. 

6.  Tissue,  from  the  partition,  highly  magnified. 

7.  Transverse  section  of  a  magnified  seed  near  the  lower  end,  dividing  the 

cotyledons  twice. 

8.  Magnified  embryo,  detached  entire. 


(RUCIFEIMC.  167 


Plate  73. 
LEPIDIUM,  L.,  R.  Br. 

Silicula  ovalis  v.  obcordata,  septo  angustissimo  contrarie 
complanata ;  loculis  monosperrais,  valvis  navicularibus.  Co- 
tyledones  planse,  incumbentes,  raro  accumbentes.  —  Petala 
equalia,  interdum  nulla. 

Lepidium,  R.  Br.  in  Ait.   Kevv.  ed.  2.    4.   p.  83.      Gmrtn.  Fr.  t.  141. 

Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  180.     DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  527.    Deless.  Ic.  2. 

t.  72,  73.     C.  A.  Meyer,  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  3.  p.  182.     Torr.  & 

Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  115. 
Lepidium  &  Nasturtium,  Medik.  Gen.  1.  p.  80,  84. 
Lepidii,  Cochleari.e,  &  Thlaspeos  Sp.,  Linn. 
Lepidium  &  Cynocardamum,  Webb  &  Bertliel.  Fl.  Canar.     Endl.  Gen. 

4888,  4932. 

Pepperwort.     Peppergrass. 


Calyx  equal  at  the  base  ;  the  sepals  spreading.  Petals 
equal,  entire,  spatulate  or  obovate.  Stamens  commonly  6 
and  slightly  tetradynamous,  rarely  4,  or  else  only  2  (replac- 
ing the  longer  pairs) :  filaments  subulate,  toothless :  an- 
thers didymous  or  cordate.  Ovary  sessile  on  the  recepta- 
cle, globular,  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition, 
two-celled,  two-ovuled :  style  short  or  slender :  stigma  de- 
pressed-capitate, usually  entire.  Ovule  solitary  in  each  cell, 
pendulous  from  near  the  summit. 

Silicle  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  parti- 
tion, oval  or  orbicular  and  nearly  entire  or  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  or  obcordate,  two-celled,  two-seeded,  two-valved ;  the 
valves  laterally  compressed,  navicular-carinate,  wingless,  or 
often  winged  at  the  apex  :  areolae  of  the  partition  (in  L.  Tir- 
ginicum  and  L.  ruderale)  quadrate  or  roundish,  irregular. 
Seeds  pendulous  from  near  the  summit  of  the  cell,  com- 
pressed contrary  to  the  partition,  wingless,  sometimes  sur- 
rounded by  a  narrow  margin.  Cotyledons  plane,  oblong- 
linear,   parallel   with   the   partition   and    incumbent   on    the 


Ids  CRUCIFER.dE. 

ascending  radicle,  or  rarely  (in  Cynocardamum)  broader, 
contrary  to  the  partition,  and  accumbent. 

Herbs,  rarely  suffruticose ;  with  branching  stems  and 
ebracteate  racemes  of  very  small  white  flowers,  which  are 
sometimes  apetalons.  Leaves  entire,  toothed,  incised,  or 
variously  pinnately  dissected  ;  the  cauline  sessile  or  clasping. 


Etymology.  From  Xcrrihtov,  a  Utile  scale,  alluding-  lo  the  small  and  flsft 
scale-like  pud. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  genus  widely  diffused  over  the 
world,  especially  in  the  warmer  portions  of  the  northern  temperate  zone.  In 
the  Old  World  the  focus  of  the  genus  is  in  the  eastern  Mediterranean  region  : 
in  the  New,  in  California.  Within  the  proper  United  States,  we  have  only 
L.  Virginicum,  which  is,  perhaps,  indigenous  at  the  South,  hut  at  the  North 
apparently  naturalized,  as  it  is  in  widely  remote  parts  of  the  world  ;  and  L. 
ruderale,  which  is  sparingly  found  on  our  northern  frontier. 


PLATE  73.     Lepidium  (Cynocardamum,  Webb  <-f-  Berthel.)  Virginicum, 
Linn. ;  —  summit  of  a  stem  in  flower  and  fruit. 

1.  A  magnified  flower  (diandrous). 

2.  A  petal,  more  magnified. 

3.  A  stamen,  equally  magnified. 

4.  Pistil,  magnified  ;  and  5,  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  ovules, 
(i.  Silicle,  enlarged,  one  valve  separated. 

7.  Transverse  section  of  the  magnified  seed,  showing  the  accumhent  co- 

tyledons. 

8.  Enlarged  silicle  of  Lepidium  ruderale,  Linn. ;  from  British  America. 

9.  Same,  with  one  valve  separated. 

10.  Ti  msvi  i  e  section  of  the  magnified  seed,  showing  ll"'  incumbent  coty- 
ledons. 


crucifer.e.  169 

Plate  74. 
CAKILE,    Tourn. 

Silicula  lomentacea  biarticulata  ;  articulis  crassis  unilo- 
cularibus  monospermis ;  semine  loculi  inferioris  suspenso, 
superioris  erecto.  Cotyledones  planae  (nunc  oblique)  accum- 
bentes.  —  Herbae  littorales,  carnosas. 

Cakile,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  49.  t.  483.    Adans.  Fam.  2.  p.  423.     Gasrtn.  Fr. 

t.  141.      R.  Br.  1.  c.  (excl.  spec.)     DC.  Syst.  2.  p.  427.      Deless. 

Ic.  2.  t.  57.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  119.      Endl.  Gen. 

4899. 
Buniadis  Sp.,  Linn.  etc. 

i  Sea-Rocket. 


Calyx  nearly  erect ;  the  sepals,  especially  the  lateral, 
somewhat  gibbous  at  the  base.  Petals  oblong-spatulate  or 
obovate,  unguiculate,  entire.  Stamens  moderately  tetrady- 
namous :  filaments  filiform  or  subulate,  toothless.  Ovary 
oblong  or  linear,  constricted  below  the  middle  into  two  su- 
perposed uniovulate  cells :  stigma  sessile,  capitate.  Ovules 
of  the  two  cells  turned  in  opposite  directions. 

Silicle  thick  and  fleshy  and  when  dry  corky  in  texture, 
lomentaceous,  two-jointed,  the  lower  joint  obovoid  or  turbi- 
nate, truncately  two-toothed  at  the  junction  with  the  upper 
one,  which  is  ovate  and  quadrangular  when  dry  or  ensiform  ; 
the  joints  one-celled,  one-seeded.  Seed  erect  from  the  base 
of  the  upper  cell,  suspended  from  the  summit  of  the  lower 
one,  oblong  or  oval,  somewhat  compressed,  marginless, 
smooth.  Cotyledons  plane,  thickish,  accumbent ;  the  rad- 
icle inferior  in  the  upper  seed  and  more  or  less  oblique  (or 
even  incumbent?),  superior  in  the  lower  seed. 

Herbs  growing  on  the  sea-coast,  annual,  smooth,  with 
much  branched  fleshy  stems,  and  toothed  or  pinnatifid  fleshy 
leaves.  Racemes  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves,  ebracteate, 
or  leafy  below ;  the  flowers  white  or  purple. 

12 


170  CRUCIFER.E. 

Etymology.      An  old  Arabic  name,  of  uncertain  meaning. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  a  few  maritime  plants,  be- 
longing to  the  Atlantic  shores  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Our  northern 
species  is  also  found  along  the  Great  Lakes.  There  is  a  second  species  on 
our  Southern  coast. 


PLATE  74.     Cakile  Americana,  Nutt. ;  —  a  branch  in  fruit  and  flower, 
of  the  natural  size  ;  from  the  shore  of  Massachusetts. 

1.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

2.  A  sepal ;  and  3,  a  petal,  enlarged. 

4.  Stamens  and  pistil,  enlarged. 

5.  Magnified  pistil  with  the  receptacle,  seen  edgewise. 

6.  The  same,  seen  laterally. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  the  last,  showing  the  cells  and  ovules. 

8.  Enlarged  silicle,  in  a  dry  state,  the  joints  separated. 

9.  Transverse  section  of  the  upper  joint  and  seed. 

10.  Vertical  section  of  a  fresh  pod,  magnified,  the  two  seeds  transversely 

divided,  showing  the  cotyledons. 

11.  Enlarged  seed,  from  the  upper  cell,  entire. 

12.  The  same,  thrice  divided,  showing  that  the  radicle  is  rather  oblique. 


Ord.    CAPPARIDACEtE. 

Herbas,  vel  in  subtropicis  arbores  (succo  aqueo  acridi), 
foliis  alternis,  stipulis  nullis  aut  spinescentibus ;  dicotyle- 
doneae,  poly-apetalas,  hypogynas,  hexa-polyandrae  (nee  tetra- 
dynamas) ;  floribus  subregularibus ;  ovario  uniloculari  mo- 
nostylo;  placentis  parietalibus  intervalvularibus  2  vel  4-10  ; 
ovulis  amphitropis  seu  campylotropis ;  seminibus  exalbumi- 
nosis  reniformibus  vel  conduplicatis  ;  cotyledonibus  arcuato- 
inenmbentibus  seu  convolutis. 

Capparides,  Juss.  Gen.  p.  242,  &  in  Ann.  Mus.  18.  p.  474. 
Capparidej;,  Vent.  Tab.  3.  p.  118.      DC.  Prodi.  1.  p.  237.      R.  Br.   in 

Denh.  &  Clapp.  Voy.  p.  220.     Endl.  Gen.  p.  889. 
Capparidacej:,  Lindl.  Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2.  p.  61,  &  Veg.  Kingd. 

p.  357. 


The  Caper  Family  is  nearly  related  to  Cruciferse  on  the  one  hand,  and 
to  Resedaceae  on  the  other.  It  resembles  the  former  in  sensible  qualities,  as 
well  as  in  the  usually  cruciform  flowers,  and  in  the  structure  of  the  ovary 
(of  which  even  the  spurious  partition  connecting  the  parietal  placentae  is 
sometimes  met  with)  ;  and  likewise  in  the  dehiscence  of  the  pod  in  all  the 
capsular  genera,  in  which  the  two  valves  separate  more  or  less  completely 
from  the  intervening  filiform  placenta;,  just  as  in  Fumariaceae.  The  sta- 
mens, also,  are  commonly  six  in  the  Cleomete,  that  is,  in  all  the  capsular- 
fruited  Capparidaceae,  but  are  not  tetradynamous.  In  the  Capparece,  or 
proper  Caper  Tribe,  with  baccate  fruit,  the  stamens  are  often  indefinite,  and 
the  placentas  sometimes  several  in  number.  Several  genera  of  this  tribe  are 
apetalous. 

The  pungency  and  stimulant  qualities  of  the  Caper  Family  are  owing  to 
an  acrid  principle,  much  like  that  of  Cruciferae,  which  gives  the  flavor  to  the 
well-known  condiment,  the  capers  of  commerce,  which  are  the  pickled  flower- 
buds  of  C'apparis  spinosa.  This  pungent  principle  is  often  so  concentrated 
as  to  be  dangerous;  and  is  accompanied  with  other  active,  or  even  narcotic 
qualities,  which  render  many  species  more  or  less  poisonous  or  medicinal. 

Capparidaceae  are  chiefly  found  in  the  tropics,  and  the  countries  bordering 
on  them.  The  common  Caper,  however,  inhabits  the  Furopean  shore  of 
thi  Mediterranean,  and,  in  the  New  World,  one  or  more  West  Indian  spe- 
12  • 


172  CAPPARIDACIM.. 

cies  of  the  genus  have  barely  reached  the  eastern  coast  of  the  peninsula  of 
Florida,  or  the  adjacent  "  Keys,"  which  have  a  proper  West  Indian  and 
tropical  vegetation.  The  few  species  of  extra-tropical  North  America  be- 
long to  four  or  five  genera  of  the  Tribe  Cleomere,  DC,  and  are  all  Southern 
and  Western,  with  the  exception  of  Polanisia  graveolens,  which  extends 
northward  and  eastward  to  the  Great  Lakes  and  Lake  Champlain.  Gynan- 
dropsis  pentaphylla  has  most  probably  been  introduced  by  the  negroes  into 
the  Southern  States ;  so  that  the  genus  does  not  properly  deserve  a  place 
in  this  work. 


Conspectus  of  the  Genera  of  the  United  States. 

C'leomella.  (Plate  75.)  Pod  siliculaeform,  rhomboidal,  compressed 
contrary  to  the  placenta;,  4  -  6-seeded,  stipitate  on  a  very  long  gy- 
nophore  and  a  short  torus.  Petals  nearly  sessile,  regular,  entire. 
Stamens  6. 

Cleome.  (Plate  76.)  Pod  siliqureform,  several -many-seeded,  long- 
stipitate  or  sessile.  Stamens  6,  rarely  4,  distinct  and  free  on  a  glob- 
ular or  hemispherical  torus.     Petals  entire. 

(-'ristatella.  (Plate  77.)  Pod  siliquaeform,  many-seeded,  stipitate  on 
a  short  gynophore.  Torus  minute,  bearing  a  tubular  gland  as  long 
as  the  ovary,  placed  between  it  and  the  upper  sepal.  Petals  unequal, 
unguiculate,  palmatifid.     Stamens  6  - 14. 

Gynandropsis.  (Plate  78.)  Pod  siliquaeform,  many-seeded,  stipitate  on 
a  prolonged  gynophore,  to  which  the  filaments  of  the  6  stamens  are 
adnate  as  far  as  the  middle.     Petals  long-unguiculate,  undivided. 

Polanisia.  (Plate  79.)  Pod  siliquaeform,  sessile  or  short-stipitate.  Sta- 
mens 8-32,  unequal,  free  on  a  very  short  torus.  Petals  entire  or 
cmarginate,  unguiculate. 


capparidacejE.  173 

Plate  75. 
CLEOMELLA,   DC. 

Petala  fere  sessilia,  asqualia.  Stamina  6,  toro  brevi  colum- 
nari  imposita.  Capsula  siliculasformis,  longissime  stipitata, 
dilatato-rhomboidea,  obcompressa ;  valvis  navicularibus  cassi- 
daeformibus.  Semina  4-6,  conduplicata.  —  Herba  annua, 
trifoliolata  ;  racemis  virgatis  foliosis  ;  floribus  flavis. 

Cleomella,  DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  237.  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New 
York,  2.  p.  157.  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  28.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 
Am.  1.  p.  120.    Endl.  Gen.  4963. 


Calyx  small,  a  little  spreading ;  the  sepals  4,  distinct, 
ovate-lanceolate,  membranaceous,  erose-serrate,  imbricated  in 
early  aestivation,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  imbricated  in  aesti- 
vation, equal  or  nearly  so,  spreading,  oval  or  oblong,  entire, 
narrowed  at  the  base  but  scarcely  unguiculate,  hypogynous 
at  the  base  of  the  torus,  deciduous.  Torus  short-columnar, 
rather  shorter  than  the  calyx,  destitute  of  any  glandular  ap- 
pendage. Stamens  6,  equal,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the 
torus,  longer  than  the  petals,  deciduous  :  filaments  filiform, 
free  :  anthers  linear-oblong,  fixed  by  the  base,  the  cells  in- 
trorsely  dehiscent  longitudinally.  Ovary  ovoid,  raised  from 
the  centre  of  the  truncate  torus  on  a  long  filiform  stipe  (gy- 
nophore),  one-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentae  (anterior 
and  posterior) :  stigma  nearly  sessile,  undivided,  obtuse. 
Ovules  2  or  4  upon  each  placenta,  usually  a  single  pair  from 
above  the  middle  of  each,  nearly  horizontal,  amphitropous, 
soon  campy lotropous.  • 

Capsule  silicle-like,  dilated-rhomboidal,  compressed  ante- 
riorly and  posteriorly,  that  is,  contrary  to  the  deeply  navicu- 
lar or  helmet-shaped  valves,  stipitate  on  a  filiform  gynophore 
(of  twice  its  length  or  more)  which  surmounts  the  oblong 
columnar  torus,  strictly  one-celled,  two-valved  ;  the  minutely 


174  CAPPARIDACEiE. 

reticulated  valves  separating  from  the  filiform  placenta?,  which 
persist  as  an  elliptical  replum.  Seeds  2  or  3,  usually  a 
single  collateral  pair,  upon  each  placenta,  pendulous  on  short 
funiculi,  conduplicate-campylotropous  ;  the  crustaceous  testa 
minutely  rugose.  Albumen  none.  Embryo  arcuate-condu- 
plicate  ;  the  thickened  cotyledons  incumhent  upon  the  as- 
cending radicle  on  the  placental  side. 

Herb  annual,  glabrous,  with  a  virgate  stem,  usually 
branching  above,  bearing  alternate  and  exstipulate  trifoliolate 
leaves  on  short  petioles,  and  terminated  by  a  leafy  raceme 
which  is  elongated  in  fruit.  Leaflets  linear,  entire,  slightly 
petiolulate,  the  upper  floral  ones,  or  bracts,  simple  and  sessile, 
gradually  reduced  to  about  the  length  of  the  pedicel.  Flow- 
ers small,  yellow. 


Etymology.     The  name  is  a  diminutive  of  Cleome. 

Geographical  Distribution.  This  very  distinct  genus  was  founded 
on  a  single  species,  indigenous  to  Northern  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Western 
Arkansas. 


PLATE  75.  Cleomella  Mexicana,  DC;  —  summit  of  a  plant,  of  the 
natural  size,  in  fruit  and  flower ;  from  Texas,  Lindheimer  (PL 
Lindheim.  No.  10). 

1.  A  flower,  magnified. 

2.  A  petal ;  and  3,  a  sepal,  more  magnified. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  magnified  flower,  through  the  torus,  cutting  away 

half  the  stamens,  petals,  and  sepals. 

5.  Transverse  section  of  a  magnified  ovary,  showing  the  ovules. 

6.  A  pod,  enlarged,  with  its  stipe,  torus,  and  apex  of  the  receptacle. 

7.  The  replum  of  the  same,  with  the  funiculi  of  the  seeds. 

8.  A  seed,  magnified. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  cutting  through  the  embryo. 


CAPPARIDACE.E.  175 


Plate  76. 
CLEOME,  L.,  DC. 

Petala  subaequalia,  integerrima.  Stamina  6,  raro  4,  saapis- 
sime  inasqualia,  declinata,  toro  brevissimo  (nonnunquam 
glandula  appendiculata)  imposita  ;  filamentis  filiformibus. 
Capsula  siliquasformis. 

Cleome,  Linn.  (excl.  spec.)      Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  189.     DC.  Prodr.  1. 
p.  233.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  121.     Endl.  Gen.  4985. 
Sinapistrcm,  Mcench.  Meth.  p.  250. 
Atalanta,  Nutt.  Gen.  2  p.  73.   non  Corr. 
Peritoma,  DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  237.     Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  7.  p.  14. 


Calyx  four-cleft  or  four-parted,  or  the  sepals  nearly  dis- 
tinct, somewhat  persistent  or  deciduous  (in  C.  serrulata  and 
C.  integrifolia  usually  separating  round  the  base  and  at 
length  hanging  loose  on  the  pedicel  of  the  fruit).  Petals 
4,  hypogynous,  equal  or  unequal,  often  turned  to  one  side, 
entire,  unguiculate  or  nearly  sessile,  imbricatcd-convolute  in 
aestivation  (as  in  Cruciferas),  deciduous.  Torus  above  the 
petals  short,  usually  globular  or  hemispherical,  inappendicu- 
late,  or  sometimes  bearing  a  gland  or  glandular  scale  between 
the  pistil  and  the  upper  sepal.  Stamens  6  (rarely  4),  borne 
on  the  summit  of  the  torus,  free  and  distinct :  filaments 
filiform,  more  or  less  declined,  longer  than  the  petals :  an- 
thers fixed  by  the  base,  the  cells  opening  introrsely  and 
longitudinally.  Ovary  stipitate  or  nearly  sessile,  one-celled, 
with  two  parietal  (anterior  and  posterior)  placenta? :  style 
short  or  none :  stigma  obtuse.  Ovules  numerous  and  usu- 
ally in  two  series  on  each  placenta,  horizontal,  amphitropous. 

Capsule  silique-shaped,  linear  or  oblong,  more  or  less 
terete,  often  torulose,  stipitate  by  the  gynophore,  or  almost 
sessile,  one-celled,  two-valved ;  the  membranaceous  valves 
separating  from  the  replum  formed  of  the  persistent  and  fili- 
form intervalvular  placenta?.     Seeds  several  or  numerous  on 


170  CAPPARIDACE^E. 

each  placenta,  pendulous  on  short  funiculi,  campylotropous, 

reniform  or  conduplicate-incurved,  exalbuminous.  Embryo 
conformed  to  the  seed ;  the  cotyledons  incumbently  incurv- 
ed upon  the  ascending  radicle. 

Herbs,  rarely  suffruticose,  with  alternate  palmately  3  —  7- 
foliolate  or  rarely  simple  leaves,  without  stipules ;  and  yel- 
low, purple,  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  leafy  racemes ;  the 
upper  bracts  simple. 


Etymology.     An  early  name,  said  to  come  from  /cXa'u,  to  dose. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  somewhat  polymorphous  genus 
of  numerous  species,  belonging  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world.  One  spe- 
cies is  found  in  Portugal,  and  two  or  three  extend  northward  to  about  the 
same  latitude  in  North  America  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

Note.  In  C.  integrifolia,  a  species  scarcely  distinct  from  C.  serrulata 
(the  type  of  Atalanta,  Null.,  or  Peritoma,  DC),  of  which  I  have  no  speci- 
mens, the  somewhat  dilated  summit  of  the  torus  is  produced  posteriorly  into 
a  lanceolate  and  flat  entire  or  3-toothed  appendage,  which  is  longer  than  the 
calyx  !  Whether  this,  taken  in  connection  with  the  separation  of  the  mar- 
cescent  calyx  from  the  base,  will  serve  to  characterize  a  section  or  subgenus, 
I  am  unable  to  pronounce.  In  the  place  of  this  appendage,  C.  lutea,  Hook., 
bears  a  short  gland,  like  some  other  species. 


PLATE  76.     Cleome  (Peritoma)  integrifolia,  Torr.  <%  Gray;  —  sum- 
mit of  flowering  and  fruiting  plant ;  from  Upper  Missouri. 

1.  A  flower-bud,  enlarged. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  flower ;   the  posterior  side  (marked  by  the  appendage 

of  the  torus)  turned  to  the  right. 

3.  Calyx  laid  open  and  enlarged. 

4.  Vertical  section  of  a  flower,  enlarged,  passing  through  the  appendage 

of  the  torus. 

5.  This  appendage,  as  seen  from  the  inside,  enlarged. 

6.  Placenta;  and  seeds,  of  the  natural  size. 

7.  A  magnified  seed. 

8.  Section  of  the  same,  displaying  the  embryo. 


CAPPARIDACE.E.  177 


Plate  77. 
CRISTATELLA,  Nutt. 

Petala  longe  unguiculata,  flabelliformia,  dimorpha ;  postica 
eroso-fimbriata  anticis  palmatopartitis  multo  majora.  Sta- 
mina 6—14,  declinata,  toro  piano,  postice  appendicem  vagi- 
nasformem  ore  trimcatam  exserenti,  inserta.  Capsula,  etc., 
ut  Cleomes. 

Cristatella,   Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Pliilad.  7.  p.  85.  t.  11.      Torr.  & 

Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  123. 
Cvrbasidm,  Endl.  Gen.  4980. 


Calyx  herbaceous,  of  4  lanceolate  sepals  a  little  united  at 
the  base,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  of  two  forms, 
conspicuously  unguiculate,  dilated-cuneiform  or  flabelliform  ; 
the  two  posterior  laciniate-fimbriate  or  incised  at  the  dilated 
summit ;  the  two  anterior  much  smaller,  with  the  lamina 
palmately  parted  or  dissected  into  5  to  9  narrowly  linear 
lobes,  which  are  emarginate  or  2  -  3-cleft  at  the  apex. 
Torus  between  the  petals  and  the  stamens  obsolete  or  mi- 
nute, bearing,  on  the  posterior  side  of  the  pistil,  a  conspicu- 
ous and  tubular  sheath-like  appendage  as  long  as  the  anterior 
petals,  with  a  truncate  or  somewhat  toothed  open  orifice  at 
the  summit,  and  which  in  fruit  persists  at  the  base  of  the 
stipe.  Stamens  6  to  14,  inserted  with  the  petals  or  nearly 
so,  distinct :  filaments  filiform,  unequal  when  more  than 
six,  declined :  anthers  cordate  or  somewhat  sagittate,  fixed 
by  the  base,  apiculate  ;  the  cells  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ova- 
ry oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  declined  with  the  stamens, 
more  or  less  stipitate,  one-celled  with  two  parietal  placenta? : 
style  filiform,  short :  stigma  obtuse.  Ovules  very  numer- 
ous on  each  placenta. 

Capsule  silique-shaped,  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  terete, 
stipitate  on  a  short  gynophore,  one-celled,  two-valvcd ;  the 
valves  membranaceous,  reticulated,  separating  from  the  fili- 


178  CAPPARIDACE.E. 

form  persistent  placentae,  as  in  Cleome.  Seeds  numerous 
on  both  placentas,  round-reniform,  exalbuminous.  Embryo 
conformed  to  the  seed :  cotyledons  short,  incumbently  in- 
curved ;  the  radicle  superior. 

Herbs  minutely  viscid-glandular,  with  annual  roots  and 
slender  branching  stems,  bearing  alternate  and  palmately  tri- 
foliolate  leaves  on  short  petioles,  without  stipules,  and  small 
flowers  (white  or  yellowish)  in  leafy  racemes.  Leaflets 
linear,  entire. 


Etymology.  The  name  is  a  diminutive  of  crista,  a  crest;  in  allusion  to 
the  fringed  petals. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  genus  of  two  species  (not  yet 
well  discriminated),  natives  of  Northern  Texas  and  the  adjacent  parts  of 
Arkansas  and  Louisiana. 


PLATE  77.  Cristatella  Jamesii,  Torr.  cj  Gray;  —  the  summit  of  a 
flowering  and  fruiting  plant,  of  the  natural  size  ;  from  Texas,  Mr. 
Wright. 

1.  Calyx,  laid  open,  enlarged. 

2.  An  upper  petal,  magnified. 

3.  A  lower  petal,  magnified. 

4.  A  magnified  flower,  with  part  of  the  calyx  and  two  petals,  &c,  cut 

awav,  displaying  the  singular  appendage  of  the  torus,  &c. 

5.  A  pod  in  dehiscence,  showing  the  replum,  &c,  enlarged. 

6.  A  seed,  magnified. 

7.  Section  of  the  same,  and  of  the  contained  emhryo. 


CAPPARIDACE.-E.  179 


.Plate  78. 
GYNANDROPSIS,  DC. 

Petala  unguiculata,  eestivatione  imbricata  vel  (in  Gymno- 
gonia)  aperta.  Stamina  6,  iilamentis  ad  medium  usque  gy- 
nophori  longissimi  adnatis.     Castera  omnia  Cleomes. 

Gynandropsis,  DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  237.     Wight  &  Am.  Prodr.  FI.  Ind.  Or. 

1.  p.  21.     Deless.  Ic.  3.  t.  1.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p. 

121.     Endl.  Gen.  4984. 
Cleomes  Sp.,  Linn.  etc. 
Cleomes   Sect.  Gynandropsis  &  Gymnogonia,  R.  Br.  in   Denham  & 

Clapp.  Nan*. 


Calyx  of  4  somewhat  spreading  sepals,  deciduous.  Pe- 
tals 4,  hypogynous,  entire  or  minutely  erose-crenulate,  obo- 
vate  or  roundish,  on  slender  claws,  nearly  equal,  imbricated 
in  aestivation,  or  else  open  from  the  first.  Torus  depressed- 
hemispherical,  the  petals  inserted  around  its  base,  the  long 
gynophore  springing  from  its  centre.  Stamens  6  ;  the  fila- 
ments monadelphous-adnate  to  the  very  long  gynophore 
for  half  its  length  or  more,  then  free  and  distinct,  filiform, 
nearly  equal :  anthers  oblong  or  linear,  fixed  near  the  base, 
introrse,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary,  &C,  as  in 
Cleome. 

Capsule  silique-shaped,  linear,  terete,  ascending  on  a  very 
long  stipe  (gynophore)  which  is  marked  as  if  by  an  articu- 
lation in  the  middle  at  the  point  from  which  the  filaments 
have  fallen  ;  its  structure,  and  also  the  seeds  and  embryo,  as 
in  Cleome. 

Herbs,  either  smooth  or  glandular,  with  alternate  and 
pahnately  3 -  7-foliolate  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  flow- 
ers in  a  leafv  raceme. 


Etymology.     So  named  from  the  attachment  of  the  stamens  to  the  stalk 
ut'  the  pistil,  as  if  gynandrous, 


180  CAPPARIDACE/E. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &o.  A  genus  of  several  tropical  or  sub- 
tropical species,  some  of  which  belong  to  Equinoctial  America  (Gynan- 
dropsis  proper,  R.  Br.)  and  have  the  petals  imbricated  in  aestivation  ;  while 
the  others,  with  the  aestivation  of  the  corolla  open,  as  in  Reseda,  which  form 
the  section  or  genus  Gymnogonia,  R.  Br.,  are  probably  all  exclusively  na- 
tives of  the  Old  World,  as  Mr.  Brown  supposes.  G.  pentaphylla,  therefore, 
although  spontaneous  in  the  Southern  United  States,  as  in  the  West  Indies, 
was  most  likely  introduced  by  the  negroes,  "who  use  it  both  as  a  potherb 
and  in  medicine,"  and  therefore  should  not  have  been  included  in  this 
work. 

Note.  Our  figure,  made  from  poor  dried  specimens,  erroneously  repre- 
sents the  flower-buds  as  if  with  closed  petals,  which  is  the  case  with  tiie 
truly  indigenous  American  species  only. 


PLATE  78.  Gynandropsis  (Gymnogonia,  R.  Br.)  pentaphylla,  DC; 
—  from  Georgia  ;  the  summit  of  a  stem  in  fruit  and  flower,  of  the 
natural  size. 

1.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

2.  Magnified  vertical  section  through  the  torus,  gynophore,  and  pistil. 

3.  A  magnified  seed. 

4.  Section  of  the  same,  and  of  the  embryo. 


CAPPARIDACE.E.  181 


Plate  79. 
POLANISIA,  Raf. 

Petala  longe  unguiculata,  emarginata  vel  obcordata,  con- 
formia.  Stamina  8  -  32,  inaequalia ;  filamentis  filiformibus. 
Torus  depressus,  postice  glandulam  truncatam  gerens.  Gy- 
nophorum  nullum  aut  brevissimum.  Stylus  filiformis.  Cap- 
sula  siliquaeformis,  turgida.  —  Folia  trifoliolata. 

Polanisia,  Raf.  in  Jour.  Phys.  89.  (1819.)  p.  98.     DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  242. 

(excl.  spec,  gerontogeeis,  ex  not.  R.  Br.)     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 

Am.  1.  p.  122,669. 
Jacksonia,  Raf.  in  New  York  Med.  Rep.  hex.  5.   2.  p.  350. 
Cleomes  Sp.,  Michx.,  Pursh,  etc. 


Calyx  of  4  herbaceous  or  purplish  spreading  sepals,  im- 
bricated in  aestivation,  deciduous.  Petals  hypogynous, 
nearly  equal,  somewhat  turned  to  the  upper  side,  obcordate 
or  obovate  and  emarginate,  on  slender  or  filiform  claws,  im- 
bricated in  aestivation,  deciduous.  Torus  inconspicuous, 
convex,  produced  on  the  upper  side  into  a  thickened  gland. 
Stamens  9  to  32  (usually  12  to  24) :  filaments  filiform  or 
capillary,  declined  (purple),  inserted  on  the  depressed  torus, 
the  anterior  ones  usually  shorter :  anthers  oval,  fixed  by 
the  base  ;  the  cells  opening  introrsely  by  a  longitudinal  line. 
Ovary  oblong,  glandular-viscid,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  one- 
celled,  with  two  parietal  placentae :  style  filiform :  stigma 
depressed-capitate.  Ovules  very  numerous,  in  two  series 
upon  each  placenta,  horizontal,  amphitropous. 

Capsule  silique-shaped,  linear-oblong,  turgid,  nearly  terete, 
sessile  or  very  short-stipitate,  two-valved;  the  reticulated- 
veiny  valves  separating  from  the  filiform  placentae ;  the  style 
deciduous.  Seeds  numerous,  reniform-conduplicate,  exal- 
buminous.  Embryo  conformed  to  the  seed :  cotyledons 
incumbently  incurved  upon  the  ascending  radicle. 

Herbs  annual,  viscid-glandular  with  a  heavy  odor,  leafy ; 


182  <  A1TAK1DACE.E. 

(lie  leaves  trifoliolate  and  petioled,  or  the  upper  floral  simple. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  leafy  raceme. 


Etymology.  Name  formed  of  7toXijj,  many,  and  aviaus,  unequal;  from 
the  number  and  inequality  of  the  stamens. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  The  genuine  species  of  the  genus, 
founded  by  Rafinesque  on  Cleome  dodecandra,  Michx.,  belong  to  the  warmer 
parts  of  North  America,  of  which  P.  graveolens  alone  is  diffused  northward 
to  the  Great  Lakes.  —  The  species  chosen  for  illustration  is  the  P.  trachy- 
sperma,  Torr.  <5r  Gray,  1.  c.  ;  but  the  verrucose-rougheued  surface  of  the 
seeds,  from  which  the  name  was  taken,  is  not  constant,  and  is  sometimes 
found  in  P.  graveolens  ;  the  flowers,  also,  vary  greatly  in  size.  The  species, 
however,  is  perfectly  distinguished  from  P.  graveolens,  by  the  long  style, 
the  more  exserted  stamens,  and  the  entire  absence  of  a  stipe  to  the  ovary 
and  pod.  It  would  appear  to  accord  very  well  with  P.  uniglandulosa,  ex- 
cept that  the  flowers  are  only  one  fourth  the  size  of  those  delineated  in  the 
original  figure  of  that  species  by  Cavanilles. 


PLATE  79.  Polanisia  trachy'sperma,  Torr.  cj-  Gr.  ;  —  summit  of  a 
specimen  in  flower  and  fruit,  of  the  natural  size,  raised  in  the 
Cambridge  Botanic  Garden  from  Texan  seeds,  sent  by  Lindheimer. 

1.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

2.  Vertical  section  of  a  flower,  more  enlarged,  through  the  ovary,  &c. 

3.  Transverse  section  of  an  ovary,  magnified. 

4.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

5.  A  magnified  seed  (almost  smooth). 

6.  Section  of  the  same,  and  of  the  contained  embryo. 


Ord.    VIOLACEiE. 

Herbee  (v.  in  tropicis  frutices),  foliis  stipulatis  vernatione 
involutis  :  dicotyledoneae,  hypogynas,  symmetrica? ;  sepalis 
cum  petalis  et  staminibus  pi.  m.  irregularibus  5  ;  sestivatione 
imbricativa  ;  filamentis  brevissimis  membranaceo-dilatatis 
(antheris  introrsum  adnatis)  circa  ovarium  uniloculare  multi- 
ovtdatum  conniventibus ;  placentis  3  parietalibus ;  stylo  uni- 
co ;  ovulis  anatropis ;  capsula  loculicide  trivalvi ;  embryone 
recto  axili  albumine  carnoso  vix  breviori,  cotyledonibus  planis. 

Violaries:,  DC.  FI.  Fr.  4.  p.  801,  &  Prodr.  1.  p.  287.     Endl.  Gen.  p.  908. 
VioLACEi,  Juss.  in  Ann.  Mus  18.  p.  47G.     Lindl.  Introd.  ed.  2.  p.  146. 


The  Violet  Family  is  represented  in  temperate  regions,  especially  in 
the  northern  hemisphere,  by  the  genus  Viola  alone,  or  in  the  New  World 
by  one  or  two  other  herbaceous  plants,  with  similar  irregular  flowers.  But 
within  the  tropics  there  are  several  genera  of  shrubs,  or  even  trees,  widely 
different  in  aspect  from  Violets,  some  of  which  have  perfectly  regular  flow- 
ers. In  all,  the  flower  is  symmetrical  and  pentamerous  throughout,  except 
as  to  the  pistil,  which  is  only  tricarpellary,  as  is  shown  by  the  three  parie- 
tal  placentae  and  the  3-valved  capsule.  The  consolidated  style,  the  stipules, 
the  vernation  of  the  leaves  (which  are  involute  or  rolled  up  from  their  edges 
inward,  instead  of  from  the  apex  downward),  the  anthers  introrsely  adnate 
to  the  inner  face  of  dilated  membranous  filaments,  and  the  large  embryo,  as 
well  as  the  prevalent  irregularity  of  the  flowers,  distinguish  the  Violet  Fam- 
ily from  Droseraceae,  the  order  which  it  most  resembles  in  character. 

The  spurred  or  saccate  and  larger  petal  is  said  to  be  the  upper  one,  and 
to  become  the  lower  by  the  resupination  of  the  flower  ;  but  we  do  not  find 
this  to  be  the  case  in  the  Violet.  In  the  Pansy,  for  instance,  it  is  easy  in 
see  that  the  odd  petal  is  anterior,  even  while  the  flower-bud  is  still  sessile  or 
nearly  so.  The  aestivation  of  the  corolla  is  not  convolute,  as  generally  de- 
scribed, hut  truly  irnbricative. 

An  active  and  emetic  or  purgative  principle  pervades  the  Violet  Family, 
and  is  chiefly  contained  in  the  roots.  This  principle,  called  violine,  nearly 
resembles  emetine  in  its  properties  ;  and  the  roots  of  several  species  of  Ioni- 
dium  are  used  in  place  of  those  of  the  true  Ipecacuanha.      Many  South 


184  VIOLACEiE. 

American  species  are  employed  medicinally,  or  as  antidotes  to  the  bites  of 
venomous  serpents. 

Besides  the  typical  genus,  we  have  one  or  two  species  of  lonidium  indi- 
genous to  the  southwestern  borders  of  the  United  States,  and  in  the  North 
the  single  species  of  Solea. 


violace.e.  185 

Plate  80. 
VIOLA,    Tourn. 

Sepala  subaequalia,  basi  producta  soluta.  Petala  inaequa- 
lia,  anticum  basi  saccatum  seu  calcaratum.  Stamina  coarc- 
tata,  2  anticis  dorso  calcaratis.  —  Herba?  caulescentes  vel 
acaulescentes,  pedunculis  solitariis  unifloris. 

Viola,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  419.  t.  236.  Linn.  Gen.  1007.  (excl.  spec.)  Juss. 
Gen.  p.  294.  Gaertn.  Fr.  t.  112.  Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  269. 
Ging.  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  291,  &  in  Mem.  Soc.  Genev.  2.  p.  1. 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  136.     Endl.  Gen.  5040. 

Violet.     Pansy. 


Calyx  herbaceous,  persistent ;  the  sepals  5,  scarcely  une- 
qual, distinct  or  nearly  so,  produced  below  the  insertion  into 
a  free  appendage,  imbricated  in  aestivation,  the  odd  one  su- 
perior. Petals  5,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  the  sepals, 
unequal,  imbricated  (and  a  little  twisted,  but  not  convolute) 
in  aestivation,  one  of  the  two  upper  and  usually  smaller  ones 
exterior,  the  lower  one  interior  and  larger  than  the  others, 
saccate  or  spurred  at  the  base,  marcescent  or  deciduous. 
Stamens  5,  hypogynous  on  an  annular  or  concave  torus, 
alternate  with  the  petals :  proper  filaments  very  short  or 
obsolete ;  the  connective  dilated,  membranaceous,  and  pro- 
duced above  the  anther  into  a  wing-like  triangular  or  ovate 
apical  appendage,  the  five  connivent  or  more  or  less  coherent 
over  the  pistil  which  they  inclose ;  the  two  anterior  produced 
from  the  back  into  spur-shaped  appendages  which  are  receiv- 
ed into  the  spur  or  sac  of  the  anterior  petal :  anthers  adnate 
to  the  inner  face  of  the  broad  connective,  two-celled  ;  the 
cells  divergent  at  the  base,  opening  by  a  longitudinal  in- 
trorse  line.  Ovary  sessile,  ovoid-three-sided,  one-celled  with 
three  strictly  parietal  placenta? :  style  terminal,  clavate  or 
subulate,  various  in  form,  persistent :  stigma  various,  often 
13 


186  violace^:. 

turned  to  one  side.  Ovules  numerous,  horizontal,  in  two 
or  more  series  upon  each  placenta,  anatropous. 

Capsule  crustaceous  or  chartaceous,  one-celled,  many- 
seeded,  three-valved,  loculicidal ;  the  valves  bearing  the 
nerviform  placenta?  on  their  middle,  conduplicate  as  they 
dry,  so  as  to  project  the  seeds  elastically  when  they  close. 
Seeds  globular  or  obovoid,  indefinite,  with  a  smooth  crusta- 
ceous testa,  marked  with  a  distinct  raphe  and  an  orbicular 
impressed  chalaza,  often  carunculate  at  the  hilum.  Albu- 
men fleshy.  Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  and  occupying 
almost  the  whole  length  of  the  albumen :  radicle  cylindri- 
cal, next  the  hilum  :  cotyledons  oval,  flat,  parallel  with  the 
raphe,  foliaceous  in  germination. 

Herbs  either  caulescent  with  annual  roots  or  perennial 
rootstocks,  or  acaulescent  from  scaly-toothed  rootstocks  ; 
the  leaves  petioled,  involute  in  vernation,  alternate ;  the 
stipules  foliaceous,  persistent.  Peduncles  or  scapes  axillary 
and  solitary,  bibracteolate,  incurved  at  the  apex,  one-flower- 
ed. Many  produce  apetalous  or  cryptopetalous  and  fertile 
radical  flowers  durinsr  the  summer. 


Etymology.     The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Violet,  of  obscure  origin. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  large  genus,  belonging  chiefly  to 
temperate  regions,  and  principally  to  the  northern  hemisphere.  There  are 
over  twenty  species  indigenous  to  the  United  States  proper. 

Properties  as  in  the  order  generally.  Some  are  highly  prized  for  their 
beauty  or  their  unequalled  fragrance. 


PLATE  80.     Viola  sagittata,  Ait.  ;  —  of  the  natural  size,  in  flower. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower  in  a  transverse  section. 

2.  The  petals,  displayed. 

3.  Section  of  a  flower  through  the  ovary,  enlarged. 

4.  Stamens  in  place,  but  separated,  and  pistil ;   enlarged. 

5.  Inside  view  of  one  of  the  upper  stamens. 

6.  Outside,  and  7,  inside  view  of  one  of  the  lower  (spurred)  stamens. 

8.  Magnified  pistil ;  the  ovary  transversely  divided. 

9.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

10.  Pod,  with  the  calyx,  enlarged  ;   11,  same,  dehiscent.  • 

12.  A  seed,  more  enlarged  ;  and  13,  same,  vertically  divided. 
14.  Embryo  detached,  turned  flatwise,  and  more  magnified. 


V10LACE.E.  187 


Plate   81. 


SOLEA,   Ging. 

Sepala  asqualia,  basi  non  producta.  Petala  fere  aequi- 
longa ;  anticum  basi  gibboso-saccatum  apice  bilobum  ;  cae- 
tera  consimilia.  Stamina  arete  connata,  synemate  antice 
uniglanduloso.  —  Herba  caulescens,  foliis  alternis,  floribus 
parvulis,  pedicellis  2  — 3  in  axillis  fasciculatis. 

Solea,  Gingins  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  306,  &  in  Mem.  Soc.  Genev.  1.  c.  t.  2. 

(vix  Spreng.)      Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  144.      Meisn. 

Gen.  p.  20. 
VioLa:  Sp.,  Forst.     Nutt  etc. 

Hybanthus  Sp.,  Spreng.  Syst.  Veg.  1.  p.  805,  &  Gen.  966. 
Ionidii  Sp.,  Roem.  &  Schult.  5.  p.  401.     Endl.  Gen.  5041. 


Calyx  of  5  linear  and  equal  sepals,  spreading,  not  pro- 
duced at  the  base,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  persistent. 
Petals  hypogynous,  nearly  equal  in  length,  erect,  with  their 
tips  barely  spreading  ;  imbricated  (as  in  Viola)  in  aestivation, 
marcescent ;  the  upper  and  lateral  ones  alike,  narrowly  ob- 
long, emarginate  ;  the  lower  one  much  larger,  saccate  at  the 
base,  dilated  upwards,  obcordate  or  emarginate-two-lobed  at 
the  apex.  Stamens  5,  perfectly  syngenesious  ;  the  fila- 
ments proper  nearly  none ;  the  connectives  membranaceous 
and  dilated  as  in  Viola,  but  firmly  and  permanently  united 
by  their  edges  into  a  sheath  (their  tips  alone  becoming  free) 
which  incloses  the  pistil,  and  bears  a  single  rounded  or  two- 
lobed  gland  on  the  anterior  side  next  the  base^  anthers  ad- 
nate  to  the  inner  face,  two-celled ;  the  cells  contiguous  and 
parallel,  opening  introrsely  by  a  longitudinal  line.  Ovary, 
&c,  as  in  Viola,  but  with  only  3  or  4  ovules  on  each  pla- 
centa :  style  clavate,  gibbous  and  hooked  at  the  apex,  the 
terminal  stigma  turned  to  the  lower  side,  simple,  perforate. 

Capsule  obovoid,  obscurely  three-lobed,  crustaceous,  one- 
celled,  three-valved,  the  valves  bearing  the  2  -  4-seeded  pla- 
13* 


1S8  VIOLACE 

centas  in  the  middle,  conduplicate-infolded  and  closing  firmly 
after  dehiscence,  so  as  forcibly  to  project  the  seeds.  Seeds 
large,  obovoid-globose,  horizontal,  conspicuously  carunculate 
at  the  hilum,  anatropous ;  the  crustaceous  testa  smooth, 
marked  with  a  distinct  raphe  and  a  large  orbicular  chalaza. 
Albumen  fleshy.  Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  and  nearly 
the  length  of  the  albumen :  radicle  next  the  hilum,  very 
short  :  cotyledons  almost  orbicular,  subcordate,  flat  and 
thin,  occupying  nearly  the  whole  breadth  of  the  albumen. 

Herb  pubescent,  with  a  perennial  root,  and  elongated 
leafy  stems  ;  the  leaves  alternate,  oblong,  conspicuously 
acuminate  at  both  ends,  entire,  short-petioled ;  the  stipules 
linear-subulate,  deciduous.  Peduncles  axillary,  short,  re- 
curved, one-flowered,  usually  two  or  three  from  the  same 
axils,  ebracteolate,  articulated  near  the  middle.  Flower 
small,  greenish-white. 


Etymology.     Dedicated  to  W.  Sole,  a  German  botanist. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  a  single  species,  indigenous 
to  the  Northern  and  Middle  United  States.  (The  original  Solea  of  Sprengel 
seems  to  be  equivalent  to  Ionidium.) 


PLATE  81.     Solea  concolor,  Ging.;  —  summit  of  a  flowering  plant  of 
the  natural  size.     (Cambridge  Botanic  Garden.) 

1 .  1  tiagram  of  the  flower. 

2.  A  flower,  enlarged. 

3.  Sepals  and  petals,  displayed. 

4.  Stamens  inclosing  the  pistil,  showing  the  gland,  enlarged. 

5:  The  two  lower  stamens  of  the  same,  separated,  with  the  gland. 

6.  The  same,  inside  view,  showing  the  two  anthers. 

7.  Magnified  pistil  ;  the  ovary  transversely  divided. 

8.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

9.  Capsule,  of  the  natural  size. 

10.  The  same,  dehiscent,  showing  the  seeds. 

11.  The  same,  with  the  valves  conduplicate-closed,  and  the  seeds  discharged. 

12.  A  seed  enlarged,  side  view. 

13.  A  vertical,  and  14,  a  transverse  section  of  the  same. 
15.  Embryo  detached,  and  placed  flatwise,  enlarged. 


VIOLACE/E.  189 


Plate  82. 
IONIDIUM,    Vent. 

Sepala  pi.  m.  inaequalia,  basi  exappendiculata.  Petala 
valde  inaequalia ;  postica  2  breviora ;  anticum  maximum, 
unguiculatum,  ungue  dilatato  breviter  gibboso  vel  concavo. 
Stamina  conniventia,  anticis  singulis  dorso  glandula  instruc- 
tis.  —  Herbas  vel  smTrutices,  foliis  alternis  aut  oppositis,  pe- 
dunculis  axillaribus  solitariis. 

Ionididm,  Venten.  Hort.  Malm.  t.  27.    DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  306.     H.  B.  K. 

Nov.  Gen.  5.  p.  373.  t.  495-500.    St.  Hil.  Fl.  Bras.  2.  p.  141. 

Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  144.     Wight,  III.  Ind.  But.  t.  19. 

Endl.  Gen.  5041  (ex  parte). 
Solea,  Spreng.  Pugill.  p.  23,  &  Syst.  Veg.  1.  p.  803. 


Calyx  imbricated  in  asstivation,  persistent ;  the  sepals 
more  or  less  unequal,  herbaceous  and  usually  with  mem- 
branaceous margins,  not  produced  at  the  base,  nearly  dis- 
tinct. Petals  very  unequal  :  the  two  posterior  shorter  than 
the  lateral  ones ;  the  anterior,  longest  and  largest,  labelliform, 
contracted  below  the  roundish  lamina  into  a  claw,  which  is 
dilated  at  the  base  and  barely  concave  or  gibbous ;  in  aesti- 
vation imbricated  as  in  Viola,  marcescent.  Stamens  as  in 
Viola  (connivent,  but  not  connate?),  except  that  the  two 
anterior  each  bear  a  gland  at  the  base,  instead  of  a  spur. 
Ovary  globular,  one-celled,  with  three  parietal  placentas  : 
style  clavate,  the  stigmatic  apex  recurved.  Ovules  several 
on  each  placenta  in  two  series,  horizontal,  anatropous. 

Capsule  chartaceous  or  coriaceous,  pointed  with  the  per- 
sistent style,  one-celled,  three-valved,  the  valves  bearing 
the  nerviform  few  -  several-seeded  placenta?  on  the  middle. 
Seeds  and  Embryo  as  in  Viola. 

Herbs  or  suffruticose  plants  (rarely  shrubs),  with  branch- 
ing stems,  bearing  linear  or  oblong  and  alternate  or  opposite 
often  sessile  leaves,  and  axillarv  and  solitarv  nodding  flow- 


100  VIOLACEjE. 

ers.     Stipules  often  deciduous.      Peduncle  articulated  and 
bibracteolate. 


Etymology.     Name  from  ton,  a  violet,  and  eiSos,  appearance. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Chiefly  intertropical  both  in  the  New  and 
the  Old  World.  In  this  country  one  or  two  species  are  found  as  far  north 
as  Texas  and  Arkansas. 

Properties.  The  roots  of  numerous  species  are  used  medicinally  and 
highly  valued  in  South  America,  chiefly  as  emetics.  They  are  known  in 
commerce  under  the  name  of  While  Ipecacuanha;  and  possess  the  same 
properties  as  the  real  Ipecacuanha,  which  they  are  likewise  said  closely  to 
resemble  in  the  chemical  constitution  of  their  active  principles.  The  roots 
of  our  own  species  doubtless  possess  the  same  properties,  and  might  be  turn- 
ed to  important  account. 


PLATE  82.     Ionioium  lineare,   Torr.; — from  Texas,  Mr.  Wright. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower. 

2.  A  flower,  with  its  peduncle,  enlarged. 

3.  A  sepal,  enlarged. 

4.  The  petals  displayed,  enlarged. 

5.  The  stamens  surrounding  the  pistil,  enlarged. 

6.  Inside  view  of  an  enlarged  stamen,  showing  the  anther. 

7.  The  pistil  and  receptacle,  enlarged. 

8.  A  dehiscent  pod,  and  seeds,  magnified. 

9.  A  seed,  more  magnified. 


Ord.    DROSERACEtE. 

Herbas  saspius  glanduliferas,  vix  stipulate,  vernatione  cir- 
cinata?  :  dicotyledoneae,  hypogyna?,  pentamera?,  symmetrica^ 
et  regulares ;  staminibus  discretis  petalis  marcescenti-persis- 
tentibus  numero  asqualia  (5),  nunc  dupla  v.  tripla,  antheris 
extrorsis ;  ovario  uniloculari,  placentis  3  seu  5  parietalibus, 
raro  basilaribus ;  stylis  discretis  vel  in  unicum  connatis  ; 
ovulis  indennitis  anatropis  ;  capsula  loculicide  3  -  5-valvi ; 
embryone  in  basi  albuminis  carnosi  brevissimo. 

DroserejE,  Salisb.  Parad.  Lond.  p.  95. 

Droseraces:,  DC.  Theor.  Elem.  p.  214,  &  Piodr.  1.  p.  317.      Lindl. 
Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2.  p.  66.     Endl.  Gen.  p.  906. 


The  Sundew  Family  is  most  nearly  related  to  Violaceae  on  the  one  hand 
and  to  Cistaceae  on  the  other  ;  from  both  of  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its 
minute  embryo,  extrorse  anthers,  the  usually  distinct  or  divided  styles, 
the  circinate  vernation  (the  inflorescence  as  well  as  the  leaves  being  rolled 
up  from  the  apex  towards  the  base  in  the  bud),  and  a  peculiar  habit.  The 
leaves  in  most  plants  of  the  order  are  beset  with  stalked  glands,  which  se- 
crete a  clear,  viscid  fluid,  and  give  the  plant  the  appearance  of  being  cover- 
ed with  dew-drops ;  whence  the  popular  name  of  Sundew,  as  well  as  the 
scientific  name  of  Drosera.  Some  of  the  bristly  hairs  of  the  common  Sun- 
dew are  irritable  to  the  touch ;  and  this  is  more  strikingly  the  ease  in  a 
New  Holland  species,  in  which  the  glandular  fringes  of  the  leaves  are  said 
to  close  upon  flies  and  other  insects  that  happen  to  alight  upon  them.  This 
peculiarity  is  carried  to  its  maximum  in  Dionsea,  the  Venus's  Fy-trap,  of 
North  Carolina,  in  which  the  blade  of  the  leaf  closes  suddenly,  so  as  to  im- 
prison insects  which  attempt  to  traverse  its  upper  surface. 

The  family  comprises  seven  genera,  namely,  Drosera,  which  is  cosmop- 
olite and  embraces  much  the  larger  part  of  the  species ;  Sondera,  a  New 
Holland  genus  recently  established  by  Dr.  Lehmann,  which  is  remarkable 
for  its  octamerous  flowers  ;  and  Drosop/ii/llum  of  the  sands  of  Portugal, 
Aldrovanda,  a  floating  aquatic  of  the  Soutli  of  Europe,  Roridula  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Bybhs  of  New  Holland,  and  Diontca  of  the  savannas 
of  l  !arolina,  —  each  of  a  single  species. 


192  DROSERACE.E 

Little  is  known  of  their  sensible  qualities.  The  Sundews  are  somewhat 
acrid  or  acid  and  hitter,  and  have  the  reputation  of  being  poisonous  to  sheep. 
They  impart  a  deep  purple  stain  to  paper  in  the  herbarium  ;  and  it  is  thought 
they  may  afford  a  valuable  dye. 


Parnassia,  which  has  long  been  dubiously  appended  to  this  family,  from 
which  it  differs  by  its  introrse  anthers  as  well  as  the  exalbuminous  seeds, 
should  doubtless,  for  the  present,  rather  be  appended  to  Hypericaceae,  to 
which  Don,  and  subsequently  Lindley,  have  referred  it.  The  latter,  indeed, 
has  inserted  a  proviso,  that  if  "  the  seeds  of  Parnassia  were  really  parietal, 
as  they  are  described  to  be,  that  would  be  a  reason  for  removing  it  to  some 
other  place,"  *  —  and  he  proceeds  to  maintain  that  the  placenta?  in  this  case 
and  in  Hypericum  are  truly  axih  !  But  how  the  placentation  differs  from 
that  of  Cistaceae  and  Violaceae,  which  are  allowed  to  have  truly  parietal  pla- 
centae, we  are  not  informed. 

*    f'rget.  Kingd.  p.  406. 


droseracejE.  193 

Plate  83. 
DROSERA,  L. 

Stamina  5,  petalis  alterna.  Styli  3  vel  5,  saepius  (in  Bor.- 
Americanis)  bipartita.  Capsula  unilocularis,  3  -  5-valvis,  pla- 
centis  totidem  parietalibus  polyspermis. — Herb^e  paludosae, 
vernatione  circinatae,  foliis  ciliis  glanduliferis  rubidis  ornatis. 

Dkosera,  Linn.  Gen.  391.  Lam.  111.  I.  220.  Gtsrln.  Fr.  t.  61.  Schkuhr, 
Handb.  t.  87.  Hook.  Fl.  Lond.  t.  188,  189.  DC.  Prodr.  1.  p. 
317.  Wight,  111.  Ind.  Bot.  t.  20.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1. 
p.  145.     Endl.  Gen.  5033.     Torr.  Fl.  New  York,  1.  p.  81.  t.  10. 

Rorella,  Rupp.  Fl.  Jen.  1.  p.  102. 

Ros-soi.is,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  245.  t.  127. 

Sundew. 


Calyx  herbaceous,  of  5  sepals  more  or  less  united  at  the 
base,  quincuncially  imbricated  in  aestivation,  persistent.  Pe- 
tals 5,  hypogynous,  obovate  or  cuneiform,  convolute-imbri- 
cated or  entirely  convolute  in  aestivation  (imbricated,  Endl., 
etc.),  marcescent-persistent.  Stamens  5,  hypogynous,  alter- 
nate with  the  petals  :  filaments  filiform  or  subulate,  per- 
sistent :  anthers  extrorse,  immovable,  two-celled  ;  the  cells 
often  somewhat  separated,  opening  externally  by  a  longitu- 
dinal line  :  poLLEN-grains  united  in  fours.  Ovary  globular, 
one-celled :  styles  3  or  5,  alternate  with  as  many  parietal 
placentae,  simple,  penicillate-multifid,  or  more  commonly 
two-parted,  with  linear  or  clavate  divisions  stigmatose  on 
the  inner  side.  Ovules  numerous,  in  two  or  more  series 
occupying  the  whole  length  of  the  parietal  placentae,  hori- 
zontal, anatropous. 

Capsule  partly  covered  by  the  persistent  calyx,  one-cell- 
ed, loculicidally  3  -  5-valved  ;  the  valves  bearing  the  nervi- 
form  many-seeded  placentae  on  their  middle  for  their  whole 
length.  Seeds  scobifonn,  the  loose  and  cellular  testa  very 
much  larger  than   thp  nucleus,  or  oblong  with  the  cnista- 


194  DROSERACE^E. 

ceous  and  rough  or  pitted  testa  conformed  to  the,  nucleus. 
Embryo  very  short  or  minute  next  the  hilum,  immersed  in 
or  at  the  extremity  of  the  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs  growing  in  bogs,  generally  of  a  reddish  tinge,  the 
foliage  beset  with  viscid  stalked  glands  ;  acaulescent  and 
scapigerous,  with  the  leaves  rosulate  from  fibrous  roots  or  a 
slender  rhizoma,  or  caulescent  (often  from  a  bulb)  with  al- 
ternate leaves  and  terminal  peduncles  ;  the  racemiform  and 
unilateral  inflorescence  and  the  leaves  coiled  or  rolled  up 
from  the  apex  to  the  base,  in  the  manner  of  Ferns.  Flow- 
ers white,  purple,  or  rose-color,  expanding  successively  only 
in  sunshine  and  for  a  single  day.  Stipules  usually  obsolete 
or  reduced  to  bristles.  Bracts  commonly  obsolete  or  decid- 
uous. 


Etymology.  Name  from  Spocrepos,  dewy  ;  the  glands  exuding  a  clear 
fluid,  which,  in  the  morning  sun,  gives  the  plant  the  appearance  of  being 
covered  with  dew-drops. 

Geographical  Distribution.  The  Sundews  inhabit  bogs  or  wet  sands 
in  both  temperate  zones  ;  but  are  far  more  numerous  in  New  Holland. 
Those  of  the  northern  hemisphere  are  all  acaulescent,  with  naked  scapes. 

Note.  The  scorpioid  inflorescence  is  not  a  true  raceme,  but  a  reduced 
unilateral  cyme,  as  in  Sedum  ;  the  pedicels  not  arising  from  the  axil  of  the 
bracts  (as  is  incorrectly  delineated  in  our  figure),  but  laterally,  or  from  the 
opposite  side.  Hence  the  inflorescence  sometimes  forks,  bearing  the  pri- 
mary terminal  flower  in  the  bifurcation. 


PLATE  83.  Drosera  filiformis,  Rnf.  ;  —  from  specimens  sent  to  the 
Cambridge  Botanic  Garden  from  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  by  G. 
Gilbert,  Esq. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation,  &c. 

2.  An  enlarged  flower. 

3.  Outside,  and  4,  inside  view  of  a  magnified  stamen. 

5.  Pistil,  magnified,  the  ovary  divided  transversely,  and  the  receptacle  and 

calyx  vertically, 
b'.  Dehiscent  capsule  and  seeds  ;  magnified. 

7.  A  valve  of  the  same,  the  seeds  detached  from  the  placenta. 

8.  A  seed,  much  magnified. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  the  same  through  the  raphe  and  minute  embryo. 
10.  Embryo  detached,  and  highly  magnified. 


droserace^e.  195 

Plate  84,  85. 
DION^EA,   Ellis. 

Petala  5.  Stamina  saspius  15.  Stylus  columnaris :  stig- 
mata 5,  brevissima,  lacerato-multifida.  Capsula  utriculata, 
5-loba,  imilocularis  ;  placenta  basilari  polysperma.  —  Herba 
glaberrima  acaulescens  ;  foliis  radicalibus  rosulato-patentibus, 
petiolo  dilatato  spathulato  ;  lamina  orbiculari  utrinque  emar- 
ginata  spinuloso-ciliata,  vernatione  conduplicata  et  supra 
petiolum  inflexa,  irritabili,  tactu  cum  impetu  complicata  ! 
Scapus  nudus,  floribus  cymosis  albis. 

Dion.ea,  Ellis,  in  Nov.  Act.  Ups.  1.  p.  98.  t.  8.  Linn.  Mant.  p.  151. 
Michi.  Fl.  1.  p.  267.  Venten.  Hort.  Malm.  t.  29.  DC.  Prodr. 
1.  p.  320.  M.  A.  Curtis,  in  Bust.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  1.  p.  123. 
Lindl.  Ladies'  Bot.  2.  p.  87.  t.  34,  35.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 
Am.  1.  p.  147.     Endl.  Gen.  5037. 

Venns's  Fly-trap. 


Calyx  herbaceous,  of  5  oblong-ovate  sepals,  quincuncially 
imbricated  in  aestivation,  persistent  and  rerlexed  in  fruit. 
Petals  5,  hypogynous  on  the  margin  of  the  dilated  recepta- 
cle, alternate  with  the  sepals,  spreading,  obovate-cuneiform, 
emarginate  or  truncate  and  somewhat  erose  at  the  extremity, 
veiny,  marcescent-persistent.  Stamens  (10  to  20?)  com- 
monly 15,  hypogynous  within  the  petals,  shorter  than  they  : 
filaments  filiform,  monadelphous  at  the  very  base,  persist- 
ent :  anthers  oblong,  of  two  parallel  cells  without  a  mani- 
fest connective,  extrorse,  attached  to  the  filament  by  a 
point  above  the  base ;  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  and 
somewhat  extrorsely.  Pollen  of  pretty  large  grains  (about 
the  »,',-,  of  an  inch  in  diameter)  composed  of  four  united. 
Ovary  depressed-ovoid,  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  one-celled, 
five-lobed,  the  lobes  alternate  with  the  petals :  style  colum- 
nar, pretty  large,  undivided  :   stigmas  5,  corresponding  witli 


190  droseracEjE. 

the  lobes  of  the  ovary,  short,  erect  or  connivent,  fimbriately 
many-cleft.  Ovules  indefinite,  anatropous,  erect,  sessile  on 
and  uniformly  covering  the  nearly  flat  basilar  placenta  which 
occupies  the  whole  bottom  of  the  cell. 

Capsule  membranaceous,  utricular,  broadly  ovoid,  ruptur- 
ing irregularly,  or  more  or  less  distinctly  five-valved,  soon 
decaying  or  falling  away,  all  but  the  disk-like  base,  which 
is  thickened  and  persistent,  forming  a  kind  of  border  around 
the  flat  and  circular  basilar  placenta.  Seeds  indefinite,  ob- 
ovoid,  smooth  and  shining  (black),  erect,  uniformly  covering 
the  placenta  or  whole  bottom  of  the  capsule ;  their  base 
immersed  in  the  fleshy  scrobiculae  of  the  placenta ;  the  crus- 
taceous  testa  conformed  to  the  nucleus  ;  the  raphe  salient : 
inner  integument  fleshy.  Embryo  minute,  occupying  the 
base  of  the  fleshy  albumen,  conical  ;  the  short  radicle  infe- 
rior :  cotyledons  very  thick. 

Herb  acaulescent,  very  smooth,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  a 
rosulate  cluster  of  spreading  yellowish-green  leaves,  which 
consist  of  a  spatulate-obovate  foliaceous  portion  (the  dilated 
petiole)  traversed  by  a  strong  midrib,  and  bearing  at  its  apex 
an  orbicular  herbaceo-coriaceous  lamina  which  is  emarginate 
at  both  ends,  fringed  with  a  row  of  strong  spinulose  bristles 
round  the  margin,  traversed  by  the  strong  midrib,  the  two 
sides  conduplicate  and  the  whole  incurved  on  the  petiole  in 
vernation  ;  the  upper  surface  dotted  with  minute  reddish 
glands,  and  bearing  two  or  three  slender  bristles  on  each  side 
of  the  midrib,  in  which  the  sensitiveness  of  the  leaf  chiefly 
resides ;  but  which  at  length  fall  away  from  the  old  leaves. 
The  lobes  or  sides  of  the  lamina  are  infolded  at  night,  in  re- 
pose, but  spread  open  in  the  day  ;  when  if  the  midrib,  or 
especially  the  bristles  of  the  upper  surface,  be  roughly  touch- 
ed, or  an  insect  alights  there,  the  sides  suddenly  close  with 
considerable  force  and  imprison  the  intruder,  the  marginal 
fringes  interlacing,  like  the  fingers  of  the  two  hands  clasped 
together,  or  like  the  teeth  of  a  steel  trap.  After  contraction 
the  trap  remains  closed  for  a  short  time  and  then  slowly 
expands,  ready  to  close  again  if  newly  irritated.  But  if  it 
be   caused  to  make  repeated  efforts  at   short   intervals,  its 


DROSERACE.E.  197 

movements  become  languid,  or  the  sensibility  is  altogether 
exhausted,  to  be  recovered  only  by  a  period  of  repose.  The 
scape,  which  is  produced  in  April  or  May,  is  naked,  simple, 
or  forked  at  the  summit,  bearing  a  small  and  umbel-like  cyme 
of  pretty  large  greenish-white  flowers.  Bracts  opposite,  or 
the  lower  scattered.  Stipules  none.  (The  foliage  stains  pa- 
per with  a  brown -purple  hue,  much  as  does  that  of  Drosera.) 


Etymology.     Name  from  Aiuivrj,  the  mother  of  Venus. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  This  truly  wonderful  plant  abounds 
in  the  savannas  around  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  and  extends  north- 
ward as  far  as  Newbern,  and  along  the  Cape  Fear  River  nearly  to  Fayette- 
ville.  I  extract,  from  an  account  published  several  years  ago  by  my  friend 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Curtis,  who  was  long  familiar  with  the  plant  in  its  native  hab- 
itat, the  following  particulars. 

"  Elliott  says,  on  the  authority  of  General  Pinckney,  that  it  grows  along  the 
lower  branches  of  the  Santee  in  South  Carolina.  Dr.  Bachman  has  received 
it  from  Georgetown,  South  Carolina  ;  and  Mr.  Audubon  informed  me,  with 
the  plant  before  us,  that  he  has  seen  it  in  Florida,  of  enormous  size  [?].  I 
think  it  not  improbable,  therefore,  that  it  inhabits  the  savannas,  more  or 
less  abundantly,  from  the  latter  place  to  Newbern.  It  is  found  in  great 
abundance  for  many  miles  around  Wilmington,  in  every  direction.  I  ven- 
ture a  short  notice  of  this  interesting  plant,  as  I  am  not  aware  that  any  pop- 
ular description  of  it  has  been  published  in  this  country.  The  leaf,  which  is 
the  only  curious  part,  springs  from  the  root,  spreading  upon  the  ground,  or 
at  a  little  elevation  above  it.  It  is  composed  of  a  petiole  or  stem  with  broad 
margins,  like  the  leaf  of  the  orange-tree,  two  to  four  inches  long,  which  at 
the  end  suddenly  expands  into  a  thick  and  somewhat  rigid  leaf,  the  two 
sides  of  which  are  semicircular,  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  across,  and 
fringed  around  their  edges  with  somewhat  rigid  cilia;  or  long  hairs  like  eye- 
lashes. It  is  very  aptly  compared  to  two  upper  eyelids  joined  at  their  bases. 
Each  side  of  the  leaf  is  a  little  concave  on  the  inner  side,  where  are  placed 
three  delicate,  hairlike  organs,  in  such  an  order,  that  an  insect  can  hardly 
traverse  it  without  interfering  with  one  of  them,  when  the  two  sides  sudden- 
ly collapse  and  inclose  the  prey  with  a  force  surpassing  an  insect"s  efforts  to 
escape.  The  fringe  or  hairs  of  the  opposite  sides  of  the  leaf  interlace,  like 
the  fingers  of  the  two  hands  clasped  together.  The  sensitiveness  resides 
only  in  these  hairlike  processes  on  the  inside,  as  the  leaf  may  be  touched  or 
pressed  in  any  other  part  without  sensible  effects.  The  little  prisoner  is 
not  crushed  and  suddenly  destroyed,  as  is  sometimes  supposed,  for  I  have 
often  liberated  captive  flies  and  spiders,  which  sped  away  as  fast  as  fear  or 
joy  could  hasten  them.  At  other  times  I  have  found  them  enveloped  in  a 
fluid  of  a  mucilaginous  consistence,  which  seems  to  act  as  a  solvent,  the  in- 
sects being  more  or  less  consumed  in  it.     This  circumstance  has  suggested 


198  DROSERACE.E. 

the  possibility  of  their  being  made  subservient  to  the  nourishment  of  the 
plant,  through  an  apparatus  of  absorbent  vessels  in  the  leaves.  But  as  I 
have  not  examined  sufficiently  to  pronounce  on  the  universality  of  this  result, 
it  will  require  further  observation  and  experiment  on  the  spot  to  ascertain 
its  nature  and  importance.  It  is  not  to  be  supposed,  however,  that  such 
food  is  necessary  to  the  existence  of  the  plant,  but,  like  compost,  may  in- 
crease its  growth  and  vigor.  But  however  obscure  and  uncertain  may  be 
the  final  purpose  of  such  a  singular  organization,  if  it  were  a  problem  to  con- 
struct a  plant  with  reference  to  entrapping  insects,  I  cannot  conceive  of  a 
form  and  organization  better  adapted  to  secure  that  end  than  are  found  in 
the  Dionsa  muscipula.  I  therefore  deem  it  no  credulous  inference,  that  its 
leaves  are  constructed  for  that  specific  object,  whether  insects  subserve  the 
purpose  of  nourishment  to  the  plant  or  not."  * 


PLATES  84,85.     Dion.ea  muscipula,  Ellis;  —  plant  from  Wilmington, 
Dr.  Macree,  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower,  sestivation,  &c. 

2.  A  sepal ;    and  3,  a  petal,  enlarged. 

4.  Stamen,  with  a  portion  of  adjacent  filaments  united  at  the  base,  magni- 

fied ;  seen  from  the  inner  side. 

5.  Anther  of  the  same,  seen  from  the  outside. 

6.  Pollen-grains  (quadruple,  as  likewise  in  Drosera),  more  magnified. 

7.  Vertical  section  of  the  pistil  and  receptacle,  magnified. 

8.  Magnified  pistil,  entire. 

9.  An  ovule,  much  magnified. 

10.  Enlarged  ripe  pod  (split  into  five  valves),  with  the  marcescent  calyx 

and  corolla. 

11.  The  persistent  base  of  the  pod  and  scrobiculate  placenta,  after  the  seeds 

have  fallen,  seen  from  above,  magnified. 

12.  A  seed,  magnified  ;  and  13,  a  vertical  section  of  the  same. 

14.  Magnified  embryo  ;  and  15,  the  same  seen  obliquely  from  above. 

*  Curtis,  Cat.  PL   WUmingl.  Jf.   Car.,  in   Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  1.  p. 
123-125. 


droserace/e  ?   parnassie.e.  199 

Plate  86. 
PARNASSIA,    Tourn. 

Stamina  fertilia  5,  petalis  alterna ;  sterilia  plerumque  glan- 
dulasformia  in  phalanges  petalis  oppositas  connata.  Capsula 
unilocularis,  loculicide  3  —  4-valvis,  stigmatibus  3-4,  placen- 
tas totidem  parietales  valvasque  superantibus,  coronata. 
Semina  numerosissima,  scobiformia,  exalbuminosa.  — Herbas 
glaberrimoe,  foliis  rotundatis  cordatisve,  scapis  mono-oligo- 
phyllis  unifloris. 

Parnassia,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  246.  t.  127.  Linn.  Gen.  384.  Gaertn.  Fr.  t. 
CO.  Schkuhr,  Handb.  t.  86.  Venten.  Hort.  Malm.  t.  39.  DC. 
Prodr.  1.  p.  320.  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  1.  p.  82.  t.  27,  28.  Arn. 
in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  2.  p.  315.  Wight,  111.  Ind.  Bot.  t.  21. 
Endl.  Gen.  5039. 

Grass  of  Parnassus. 


Calyx  of  5  equal  herbaceous  sepals,  united  at  the  base, 
and  by  means  of  a  thickish  torus  adherent  barely  to  the  very 
base  of  the  sessile  ovary,  quincuncially  imbricated  in  aesti- 
vation, persistent,  reflexed  in  fruit.  Petals  5,  inserted  on 
the  torus  alternate  with  the  sepals  and  just  within  them, 
quincuncially  imbricated  in  aestivation,  ovate  or  obovate, 
veiny,  widely  spreading,  tardily  deciduous.  Staminodia  (or 
sterile  stamens  of  authors)  5,  opposite  the  petals,  of  which 
they  are  probably  a  deduplication,  inserted  with  them  in  a 
series  exterior  to  the  true  stamens,  composed  either  of  a  3  - 
5-lobed  and  glandless  dilated-cuneiform  scale,  or  parted  into 
3  to  13  glandular-tipped  setae  which  resemble  abortive  sta- 
mens, persistent,  marcescent.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 
petals,  inserted  just  within  them :  filaments  subulate,  mar- 
cescent :  anthers  cordate-ovate  or  oblong,  introrse  (not  ex- 
trorse  as  usually  described),  fixed  above  the  base  to  the 
point  of  the  filament,  two-celled;  the  cells  opening  longitu- 
dinally by  an  introrse  line.     Pollen  simple.     Ovary  closely 


200  DROSERACE/E  ?     PARNASSIE.E. 

sessile,  usually  ovoid,  with  three  or  four  parietal  placentae 
more  or  less  projecting  into  the  cell :  stigmas  thick,  sessile, 
as  many  as  the  placentae  and  placed  directly  over  them  ! 
persistent.  Ovules  very  numerous  in  several  series  covering 
each  dilated  placenta,  horizontal,  anatropous. 

Capsule  membranaceous,  one-celled,  loculicidally  three- 
valved  from  the  apex,  the  placentae  borne  on  the  middle  of 
each  valve.  Seeds  very  numerous,  scobiform ;  the  loose 
cellular  testa  wing-like  and  much  larger  than  the  nucleus. 
Albumen  none.  Embryo  cylindrical,  straight :  radicle  next 
the  hilum  :  cotyledons  very  short. 

Herbs  very  smooth  throughout,  with  perennial  roots,  and 
rounded  or  reniform-cordate  entire  leaves,  which  are  punc- 
tate with  obscure  dots ;  the  radical  clustered  and  long-peti- 
oled  ;  the  one  or  two  (if  any)  borne  on  the  otherwise  naked 
and  slender  one-flowered  scapes  sessile  or  clasping,  alternate. 
Flowers  large ;  petals  white  or  yellowish,  often  with  green- 
ish veins. 


Etymology.  From  Mount  Parnassus,  on  which  a  plant  called  Grass  of 
Parnassus  was  said  by  Dioscorides  to  grow. 

Properties.     Rather  bitter  and  astringent,  but  of  little  importance. 

Geographical  Distribution.  Natives  of  the  temperate  and  frigid  re- 
gions of  the  northern  hemisphere,  or  on  high  mountains.     A  small  genus. 


PLATE  86.     Parnassia  Caroliniana,  Michx. ;  —  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower. 

2.  A  separate  petal,  displaying  the  venation. 

3.  Vertical  section  through  the  ovary,  enlarged. 

4.  One  of  the  staminodia,  enlarged. 

5.  An  enlarged  stamen,  inside,  and  6,  outside  view. 

7.  The  pistil,  magnified,  with  the  ovary  transversely  divided. 

8.  An  ovule,  much  magnified. 

9.  Capsule,  dehiscent,  with  the  persistent  calyx,  &c. 

10.  A  seed,  magnified. 

11.  The  same,  divided,  showing  the  embryo. 


Ord.  CISTACEjE. 

SufFrutices  v.  herbae,  integrifolias :  dicotyledoneae,  hypo- 
gynee,  anisomerse,  regulares,  oligo-polyandras ;  sepalis  3  in- 
terioribus  seu  propriis  sestivatione  convolutis  ;  petalis  ephe- 
meris  a?stivatione  eodem  calycis  contrarie  convolutis  ;  an- 
theris  iiitrorsis  ;  ovario  uniloculari  vel  semi-3  -  10-loculari 
monostylo,  placentis  parietalibus ;  ovulis  orthotropis  ;  capsula 
loculicida  poly-oligosperma ;  embryone  excentrico  intra  albu- 
men varie  curvato  seu  convolute 

Cisti,  Juss.  Gen.  p.  294.     DC.  Fl.  Fr.  4.  p.  811. 
Cistoideje,  Venten.  Tabl.  3.  p.  219. 
Cistineje,  DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  263.  -Endl.  Gen.  p.  903. 
Cistacej:,  Lindl.  Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2.  p.  91.     Spach,  in  Ann    Sci. 
Nat.  ser.  2.  6.  p.  357.     Ton-,  it  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  150. 


The  Rock-rose  Family  consists  of  low  shrubby  plants  or  herbs,  often 
with  viscid  branches,  with  entire  leaves,  which  are  either  opposite  or  alter- 
nate, even  upon  the  same  plant,  with  or  without  stipules,  and  with  flowers 
which  expand  in  the  sunshine  for  a  single  day  only,  and  then  (except  in 
Lechea)  cast  their  delicate  petals.  It  is  distinguished  from  all  the  other  hy- 
pogynous  orders  with  parietal  placentation  by  its  orthotropous  ovules  (except 
in  Fumana)  and  anisomerous,  usually  polyandrous  flowers.  The  calyx, 
which  is  wholly  persistent,  should  probably  be  regarded  as  trimerous  rather 
than  pentamerous  ;  for  the  two  smaller  sepals,  so  called,  are  entirely  exte- 
rior in  the  bud,  like  a  pair  of  bractlets,  and  not  involved  in  the  convolute 
aestivation  of  the  three  inner,  or  proper  sepals.  When  the  petals  are  only 
three,  they  alternate  with  these  last ;  but  when  five,  they  exhibit  no  man- 
ifestly regular  order  as  respects  the  calyx.  They  are  convolute  in  aestiva- 
tion, but  turned  in  the  contrary  direction  from  the  sepals  ;  and  in  the  proper 
Rock-roses  the  petals  are  more  or  less  crumpled,  as  in  the  Poppy.  The 
stamens  are  either  indefinite,  or,  when  few,  very  inconstant  in  number  ;  and 
the  filaments  are  never  united  or  collected  in  clusters  as  in  Hypericaceae. 
The  styles,  if  any,  are  perfectly  consolidated  into  one.  The  placentae, 
three,  five,  or  rarely  ten  in  number,  are  either  strictly  parietal  or  born>'  on 
partial  dissepiments  which  project  into  the  cell  ;  and  the  dehiscence  of  the 
14 


Z\i  CISTACEiE. 

capsule  being  loculicidal,  these  are  borne  on  tlie  middle  of  the  valves,  as  in 
the  two  preceding  families.  The  elongated  embryo  is  more  or  less  excen- 
tric,  and  either  slightly  curved  (as  in  Lechea),  or  circulate,  conduplicate  or 
variously  convolute  in  the  midst  of  the  farinaceous  (rarely  corneous)  albu- 
men ;  the  slender  radicle  pointing  to  the  extremity  of  the  seed  remote  from 
the  hilum. 

Cistaceae  possess  no  marked  sensible  qualities  and  furnish  no  useful  prod- 
ucts except  a  balsamic  gum-resin,  such  as  the  officinal  Ladanum,  yielded 
by  Cistus  Creticus  and  its  allies,  which  exudes  from  the  leaves  and  branches 
of  many  species  so  as  to  render  them  glutinous.  They  are  all  slightly  as- 
tringent. 

The  principal  home  of  this  family  is  in  the  western  part  of  the  Old  World, 
and  especially  around  the  Mediterranean. 

There  are  five  or  six  species  of  Helianthemum  in  the  New  World,  chiefly 
in  the  warmer  portion  of  the  United  States  (one  of  them  in  California),  be- 
sides Lechea  and  Hudsonia,  which  are  peculiar  to  this  country. 


CISTACEiE.  203 


Plate  87. 
HELIANTHEMUM,    Town. 

Petala  5,  ephemera,  asstivatione  pi.  m.  corrugata.  Stamina 
indefinita.  Capsula  imilocularis,  3-valvis,  pleio-oligosperma. 
Semina  orthotropa.  Embryo  circinatus,  circumflexus,  vel 
uncinatus.  —  Herbas  vel  siiffruticuli. 

Helianthesium,  Toum.  Inst.  p.  248. 1. 128.  Grertn.  Fr.  1. 1.  76.  Michx. 
Fl.  1.  p.  308.  Dunal,  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  266.  (excl.  plur.) 
Spach,  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  2.  6.  p.  360  (cum  Croeanthenio). 
Endl.  Gen.  502!).  (excl.  spec.) 

Cisti  Sp.,  Linn.  etc. 

Subgen.  Heteromeris.  —  Flores  majusculi  5-petali  et  po- 
lyandri,  cum  parvulis  apetalis  saspiusve  cryptopetalis  3  — 10- 
andris  plerumque  in  eadem  stirpe  mixti.  —  Herbas  perennes, 
foliis  alternis  vel  suboppositis  exstipulatis. 

Heteromeris,  Spach,  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  I.  c.&  inComp.Bot.  Mag.  2.  p. 200. 
Helianthemi  Sect.  Lecheoipes,  Dunal,  in  DC.  I.  c.  p.  269. 

Rock-rose.     Frost-weed. 


Calyx  herbaceous,  persistent :  sepals  5,  of  which  the  two 
exterior  are  much  smaller  or  minute  and  rather  to  be  regard- 
ed as  bractlets ;  the  three  proper  sepals  equal,  convolute  in 
aestivation.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  unsymmetrically  placed 
as  respects  the  sepals,  more  or  less  crumpled  and  convolute 
in  the  contrary  direction  from  the  sepals  in  aestivation, 
spreading,  rounded  or  dilated-cuneiform,  equal,  expanding  in 
sunshine  for  a  single  day,  then  caducous.  Stamens  indefi- 
nite, hypogynous,  all  fertile,  caducous:  filaments  filiform, 
distinct :  anthers  introrse  or  innate ;  the  cells  opening  lon- 
gitudinally. Ovary  ovoid,  one-celled  with  three  parietal 
placentae,  or  incompletely  three-celled  by  their  projection : 
style  articulated  with  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  or  very 
short  or  wanting  :  stigma  capitate,  three-lobed  or  three- 
crested.  Ovules  orthotropous,  nodding  or  recurved  on  as- 
14* 


204  CISTACE2E. 

cending  filiform  funiculi,  numerous  or  few.  —  In  the  section 
Heteromeris,  there  are  produced,  in  the  course  of  the  season, 
clusters  of  smaller  flowers,  with  petals  which  do  not  exceed 
the  calyx  and  seldom  or  never  expand,  or  else  are  apeta- 
lous  or  tripetalous,  3—  10-androus,  and  few-ovuled. 

Capsule  chartaceous  or  cartilaginous,  one-celled  or  half 
three-celled,  three-valved,  loculicidal,  the  valves  bearing  the 
narrow  placentae  upon  their  middle,  few  -  many-seeded. 
Seeds  usually  on  slender  funiculi,  orthotropous,  with  a  crus- 
taceous  testa.  Embryo  excentric,  circumflexed  or  curved 
nearly  into  a  ring  in  the  midst  of  the  farinaceous  albumen  : 
the  slender  radicle  pointing  to  the  apical  micropyle :  coty- 
ledons flattish,  oval,  oblong,  or  linear. 

Herbs  or  suffruticose  plants,  usually  low  and  branching  ; 
with  alternate  or  partly  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  yellow, 
or  sometimes  white  or  rose-colored  flowers.  Stipules  none 
in  American  species. 


Etymology.  Name  formed  of  ifKios,  the  sun,  and  avBcpav,  flower ;  the 
blossoms  opening  only  in  direct  sunshine. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  genus  of  numerous  species  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  Europe  and  especially  in  the  Mediterranean  region,  and 
with  a  few  in  similar  parts  of  North  America,  nearly  all  of  which  belong  to 
Heteromeris,  fipach.     One  species  only  extends  northward  to  Canada. 


PLATE  87.     Helianthemum  (Heteromeris)  Canadense,  Michx, ;  —  a 
flowering  stem,  early  in  the  season,  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation  and  plan  of  the  flower. 

2.  A  magnified  stamen,  seen  from  the  outside  ;  and  3,  from  the  inside. 

4.  Pistil  and  receptacle,  magnified. 

5.  Same,  vertically  divided,  showing  the  numerous  ovules  on  long  funiculi, 
fi.  Transverse  section,  showing  the  slightly  introflexed  placenta;. 

7.  A  magnified  pistil  of  one  of  the  smaller  and  later  flowers. 

8.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  a  solitary  ovule  on  each  placenta1. 

9.  A  capsule  (and  calyx)  from  a  secondary  flower,  enlarged. 

10.  A  many-seeded  capsule  (and  calyx)  of  a  primary,  petaliferous  flower, 

enlarged  to  the  same  degree  as  the  last. 

11.  A  seed,  magnified. 

12.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  circumflexed-uncinate  em- 

bryo in  the  albumen. 


cistace.l.  205 

Plate  88,  89. 
LECHEA,   L. 

Petala  3,  parva,  in  alabastro  plana,  marcescentia.  Stami- 
na 3  — 12.  Ovarium  incomplete  3-loculare  :  placentae  3  late 
lamelliformes  semiseptis  adnatas,  extus  2-ovuliferae.  Stig- 
mata plumoso-fimbriata.  Capsula  3-valvis :  valvas  a  semi- 
septis placentisve  solutae.  Embryo  rectiusculus,  fere  axilis. 
—  Herbae  exstipulatae,  parviflorae,  floribus  sordide  purpureis. 

Lechea,  Linn.   Gen.  142.     GaJitn.   Fr.  t.   129.     DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  285. 

Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  152.     Endl.  Gen.  5030. 
Lechea  &  Lechidium,  Spach,  in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  2.  p.  282,  &  Ann. 

Sci.  Nat.  I.  c. 

Pinweed. 


Calyx  herbaceous,  persistent,  of  5  sepals  ;  the  two  exte- 
rior in  the  bud  minute  and  rather  to  be  regarded  as  bractlets  ; 
the  three  proper  sepals  convolute  in  aestivation,  ovate,  con- 
cave. Petals  3,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  the  three  prop- 
er sepals,  and  not  longer  than  they,  obovate  or  oblong,  con- 
volute but  not  crumpled  in  aestivation,  marcescent-persistent. 
Stamens  hypogynous,  3  -  12,  when  only  three  placed  oppo- 
site the  petals,  shorter  than  they  :  filaments  filiform :  an- 
thers oval,  introrse,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary 
globular,  raised  on  a  very  short  stipe,  incompletely  three- 
celled,  the  3  imperfect  partitions  each  bearing  a  large  oval 
and  valve-shaped  placenta :  style  very  short  or  obsolete  : 
stigmas  3,  fimbriate-plumose.  Ovules  2  on  each  placenta, 
borne  on.  the  base  of  the  posterior  face  one  on  each  side  of 
the  partition,  erect,  orthotropous,  on  very  short  funiculi. 

Capsule  cartilaginous,  triangular -ovoid  or  globular,  inclos- 
ed in  the  connivent  calyx  or  nearly  so,  3  -  6-seeded,  loculi- 
cidally  three-valved ;  the  valves  separating  from  the  broad 
and  crustaceous  placentae,  which  appear  like  an  inner  set  of 
valves  curved  in  the  opposite  direction,  and  inclosing  the 


206  CISTACE.E. 

two  or  by  abortion  the  single  erect  seeds  between  them  and 
the  proper  valves.  Embryo  straight  or 'accumbently  arcuate 
in  the  axis  or  nearly  so  of  the  corneous  albumen  :  radicle 
cylindrical,  superior  :   cotyledons  elliptical  or  obovate,  flat. 

Herbs,  branching  and  often  suftrutescent  at  the  base,  with 
entire  and  mostly  sessile  puncticulate  leaves ;  the  lower  usu- 
ally opposite  or  verticillate,  the  upper  alternate,  gradually 
reduced  to  bracts.  Flowers  very  small  and  numerous,  cy- 
mulose-clustered,  or  racemiform  on  the  branches  (but  not 
axillary),  pedicellate.     Petals  and  stigmas  dull  purple. 


Etymology.     Dedicated  to  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist,  Professor  at  Abo. 
Geographical  Distribution.     An  Eastern  North  American  genus  of 
three  or  four  species,  growing  chiefly  in  sandy  or  sterile  soil,  from  Canada 
to  Texas,  principally  along  and  near  the  coast. 

Division.     There  are  two  pretty  well-marked  sections,  which  are  viewed 
as  genera  by  Spach,  namely  :  — 

^  1.  Lechea,  Spach.  —  Placentae  membranaceo-crustaceous,  fragile,  sepa- 
rating from  the  evanescent  partitions  and  revolute  around  the  seeds. 
§  2.  Lechidium,  Spach.  —  Placentae  cartilaginous,  scarcely  recurved,  firm- 
ly adherent  to  the  persistent  partitions  which  separate  from  the  valves 
at  dehiscence.     Pedicels  slender,  deflexed.     (L.  Drummondii.) 


PLATE  88.     Lechea  thymifolia,  Pursh;  —  flowering  stem,  with  some 
of  the  sterile  shoots  at  the  base  ;  from  the  coast  of  Massachusetts. 
1.   Diagram  of  the  flower  and  aestivation.     2.  Open  flower,  magnified. 
3.  A  stamen  ;  and  4,  pistil  and  receptacle,  more  magnified. 

5.  Double  section  of  the  ovary,  displaying  the  ovules  and  placentae. 

6.  Capsule,  with  the  calyx  opened,  enlarged. 

7.  Magnified  cross-section  of  the  valves,  placentae,  and  seeds. 

8.  Magnified  seed  ;  and  9,  vertical  section  of  the  same. 
10.   The  embryo  from  the  last,  showing  the  cotyledons. 

PLATE  89.     Lechea  (Lechidium)  Drummondii,  Torr.  <%  Grl     (Texas.) 
1.  Flower-bud,  enlarged  ;  and  2,  diagram  in  a  transverse  section. 

3.  Expanded  flower,  magnified. 

4.  An  inner  sepal ;  5,  a  petal  ;  and  6,  a  stamen,  more  magnified. 

7.  Pistil  and  receptacle,  equally  magnified. 

8.  Transverse  section  of  a  ripe  capsule  and  seeds,  showing  the  septifragal 

valves,  and  the  persistent  partitions  fixed  to  the  placenta?.  < 

9.  A  magnified  seed. 


CISTACE^i:.  207 


Plate  90. 


HUDSONIA,   L. 

Petala  5,  calyce  majora,  ephemera.  Stamina  9-30.  Ova- 
rium uniloculare,  placentis  3  nerviformibus  2-ovulatis  ;  stylo 
filiformi  stigmate  minuto  desinente.  Capsula  calyce  tubu- 
loso-connivente  inclusa,  3-valvis,  2  -  6-sperma.  Embryo 
uncinato-circinatus,  gracilis.  —  Fruticuli  ericoidei,  canescen- 
tes,  dense  csespitosi,  foliis  parvis  imbricatis  persistentibus, 
floribus  luteis. 

Hudsonia,  Linn.  Mant.  p.  11.  VVilld.  Hort.  Ber.  t.  15.  Giertn.  f.  Fr. 
3.  p.  152.  t.  310.  Nutt.  Gen.  2.  p.  4.  DC.  Prodr.  1.  p.  284. 
Spach,  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  2.  6.  p.  372.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 
N.  Am.  1.  p.  154.  Endl.  Gen.  5031.  Torr.  FI.  New  York,  1. 
p.  80.  t.  9. 


Calyx  of  5  sepals  ;  the  two  exterior  minute  and  resem- 
bling bractlets;  the  three  others  ovate,  equal,  convolute  in 
aestivation,  colored  (yellowish)  inside,  united  at  the  base, 
persistent,  at  length  connivent  in  a  tube  and  inclosing  the 
capsule.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  convolute  in  aestivation, 
obovate  or  cuneiform,  much  larger  than  the  sepals,  thin  and 
delicate,  caducous.  Stamens  9  to  30,  hypogynous,  decidu- 
ous :  filaments  filiform :  anthers  roundish,  innate  or  slight- 
ly introrse,  the  cells  opening  laterally  by  a  longitudinal  line. 
OvABT'sessile  on  the  convex  torus,  ovoid,  strictly  one-celled, 
with  three  nerviform  parietal  placentas :  style  long  and  fili- 
form, straight,  persistent :  stigma  truncate,  minutely  three- 
lobed.  Ovules  two  from  the  lower  part  of  each  placenta, 
orthotropous,  ascending,  on  slender  funiculi. 

Capsule  oblong,  somewhat  triangular,  inclosed  in  the 
connivent  calyx,  one-celled,  three-valved ;  the  chartaceous 
valves  bearing  the  narrow  placentae  upon  their  middle. 
Seeds  one  or  two  on  each  placenta,  ascending  from  near 
the  base,  ovate  ;  the  testa  nearly  smooth,  crustaceous.     Em- 


208  CISTACE-iE. 

bryo  linear,  slender,  homotropous ;  the  radicle  about  the 
length  of  the  thin  farinaceous  albumen,  superior,  excentric ; 
the  linear  cotyledons  incumbently  uncinate-circinate. 

Shrubs  dwarf  and  casspitose,  Heath-like,  much  branched, 
hoary-tomentose ;  the  very  small  leaves  closely  imbricated 
on  the  stems  and  branches,  alternate,  subulate  or  linear- 
oblong,  sessile,  appressed  or  somewhat  spreading,  persistent. 
Flowers  sessile  or  peduncled,  terminating  the  crowded  short 
branchlets,  expanding  in  sunshine  for  a  single  day  only, 
yellow. 


Etymology.  Dedicated  to  Hudson,  the  author  of  the  Flora  Anglica,  an 
English  botanist  contemporary  with  Linnaeus. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  genus  of  three  Eastern  North 
American  species,  growing  in  sandy  soil  chiefly  along  the  coast ;  one  of  them 
(H.  tomentosa)  nearly  confined  to  the  sea-shore,  and  to  the  shores  of  the 
Great  Lakes,  extending  northward  to  Slave  Lake. 


PLATE  90.     Hudsonia  tomentosa,  Nutt.  ; — branch  in  flower,   of  the 
natural  size,  from  the  coast  of  Massachusetts.     (Ipswich,  Oakes.) 

1.  A  leaf,  magnified. 

2.  Diagram  of  the  flower  and  aestivation.     (The  placenta  alternate  with 

the  sepals;  but  are  wrongly  placed  opposite  them.) 

3.  Branchlet  and  flower,  enlarged. 

4.  A  stamen,  magnified. 

5.  Same,  with  the  anther  transversely  divided. 

6.  Pistil,  with  the  receptacle,  magnified. 

7.  Same,  with  the  ovary  divided  vertically,  showing  the  ovules. 

8.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

9.  Dehiscent  capsule  and  persistent  calyx,  enlarged. 

10.  A  seed,  more  magnified. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo  in  the  albumen. 


Ord.   HYPERICACEiE. 

Frutices  vel  herbas  (succo  acrido  resinoso),   exstipulatse, 

foliis  oppositis  integerrimis  punctatis :  dicotyledoneac,  hypo- 

gynaa,   5  -  4-petalas,   regulares,  poly-oligandrae  ;    staminibus 

saepissime  3  -  5-adelphis  ;   petalis  aestivatione  convolutis  rari- 

usve  imbricatis;   ovario  2  -  5-carpellavi  uniloculari  placentis 

pi.  m.  parietalibus,  aut  placentis  inter  se  ad  axim  coalitis 

2— 5-loculari,  stylis  totidem  pi.  m.  discretis  ;   ovulis  anatro- 

pis ;  capsula  plerumque  septicida  et  polysperma;   seminibus 

exalbuminosis ;  cotyledonibus  brevibus. 

Hvperica,  Juss.  Gen.  p.  254. 

Hvpericineje,  DC.  Fl.  Fr.     Chois.  Prodr.  Mon.  Hyper.  &  in  DC.  Trodr. 

1.  p.  541.     Endl.  Gen.  p.  1031. 
Hvpericace.e,  Lindl.  Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2.  p.  77.     Spach,  Suit.  Burl'. 

5.  p.  335,  &  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  2.  5.  p.  157,  349. 


The  St.  John's-wort  Family  is  doubtless  most  nearly  related  to  the 
tropical  order  called  Guttiferae  or  Clusiaceae  ;  but  in  an  extra-tropical  Flora 
it  is  most  conveniently  introduced  between  the  Cistaceae  and  the  small  family 
of  Elatinaceae. 

Among  our  hypogynous  polypetalous  orders  it  is  readily  distinguished  by 
the  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  which  are  punctate  (as  also  the  sepals,  petals, 
&c.)  with  pellucid  dots  and  usually  with  dark-colored  ones  intermixed,  and 
destitute  of  stipules  ;  by  the  regular  pentamerous  (or  in  Ascyium  alone 
tetramerous)  calyx  and  corolla  ;  the  prevailingly  polyandrous  and  3  -  5-adel- 
phous  stamens ;  the  separate  or  separable  styles  ;  the  septicidal  capsule  ; 
and  the  indefinite  and  exalbuminous  (oblong  or  cylindrical  and  straight  or 
somewhat  curved)  anatropous  seeds.  The  embryo  is  conformed  to  the  cavity 
of  the  rather  thick  and  fleshy  inner  integument  of  the  seed,  which  some- 
times has  been  mistaken  for  a  thin  albumen  ;  it  is  oblong  or  cylindrical,  with 
the  obtuse  radicle  usually  much  longer  than  the  thick  or  flattish  cotyledons. 
The  foliaceous  or  herbaceous  calyx  is  persistent,  and  imbricated  in  sestiva- 
tion.  The  petals  are  either  deciduous  or  marcescent,  and  usually  oblique 
and  convolute  in  aestivation,  but  in  Elodea  they  arc  equal-sided  and  quinruu- 
cially  imbricated.     The  inflorescence  is  always  cymose. 


210  •  HYPERICACE.E. 

The  pellucid  dots  of  the  leaves  are  glandular  vesicles,  filled  with  an  ethe- 
real oil,  of  which  the  coloring  matter  of  the  dark  glands  is  probably  a  sort  of 
resin  or  balsam.  To  this  secretion,  and  to  the  free  resinous  juice,  which 
especially  abounds  in  tropical  plants  of  the  family,  the  acrid  and  balsamic 
qualities  which  pervade  the  order  are  owing.  The  yellow  juice  of  some 
Equatorial  American  trees  or  shrubs  of  the  order  is  strongly  cathartic,  and 
furnishes  a  product  ( Gummi  Gutla)  analogous  to  gaml/oge,  which  is  a  prod- 
uct of  some  Ceylonese  trees  of  the  allied  family  of  Guttiferee. 

Hypericacese  are  widely  diffused  over  the  world,  but  are  most  abundant  in 
the  warmer  temperate  climes.  Far  the  greater  part  belong  to  Hypericum, 
as  received  by  Linnaeus,  Endlicher,  and  most,  botanists.  Besides  the  typical 
genus,  we  have  in  the  United  States  Ascyrum,  characterized  by  its  quater- 
nary calyx  and  corolla ;  and  Elodea,  with  equal-sided  petals,  and  conspicu- 
ous hypogynous  glands  interposed  between  the  three  stamen-clusters. 


HYPERICACE^E.  211 

Plate  91. 
ASCYRUM,  L. 

Sepala  4,  decussata ;  exteriora  multo  majora.  Petala  4, 
aestivatione  convoluta.  Glandulae  inter  stamina  indefinita 
nullae.     Capsula  unilocularis.  —  Flores  flavi. 

Ascvrhm,  Linn.  Gen.  903.     Nutt.  Gen.  2.  p.  15.     Chois.  in  DC.  I.  c.  p.  55. 

Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  156,  671.    Endl.  Gen.  5463. 
Ascyrdm  (&  Isophvllum  ?),  Spach,  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  I.e.  p.  367. 

St.  Peter's-wort. 


Calyx  foliaceous ;  the  4  sepals  imbricated  two  exterior 
and  two  interior  in  aestivation ;  the  exterior  usually  rounded 
or  cordate  and  much  larger  than  the  inner  pair,  spreading 
in  flower,  enlarging  in  fruit  and  valvate-connivent  over  the 
capsule,  persistent.  Petals  4,  hypogynous  on  the  short 
receptacle,  cruciate,  widely  spreading,  obovate  or  linear- 
oblong,  convolute  in  aestivation,  somewhat  oblique,  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  indefinite,  9  to  100,  hypogynous :  filaments 
distinct  or  obscurely  united  at  the  very  base,  scarcely  clus- 
tered, capillary,  marcescent :  anthers  round-oval,  didymous, 
introrse,  fixed  by  the  middle,  somewhat  apiculate  by  the 
glandular  point  of  the  interposed  connective  ;  the  cells  open- 
ing longitudinally.  Ovary  ovoid,  one-celled,  2  -  4-lobed, 
with  two  to  four  somewhat  introflexed  parietal  placentas : 
styles  2  to  4,  united  below  or  distinct,  short  or  slender,  per- 
sistent, stigmatose  at  the  apex  down  the  inner  side.  Ovules 
very  numerous,  horizontal,  in  several  rows  on  the  inner  face 
of  each  placenta,  anatropous. 

Capsule  ovoid,  often  somewhat  compressed  parallel  to  the 
larger  sepals,  one-celled,  septicidally  2  -  4-valved,  the  sutures 
dividing  the  lamelliform  parietal  placentae.  Seeds  very 
numerous  and  small,  horizontal  on  the  inner  face  of  each 
placenta,  oval  or  oblong,  straight  ;  the  crustaceous  testa 
minutely  reticulated;    the  inner  integument  thickish.     Al- 


212  HYPERICACE.E. 

bumen  none.      Embryo  cylindrical :    cotyledons  very  short, 
at  the  extremity  opposite  the  hilum. 

Suffruticose,  with  the  branches  or  young  stems  ancipi- 
tal,  very  leafy,  and  terminated  with  single  large  flowers  or 
three  together.  Leaves  all  opposite,  sessile,  often  partly 
clasping,  oval,  oblong,  or  obovate,  entire,  usually  opaque  and 
coriaceous,  punctate  with  translucent  and  beneath  with 
blackish  dots.     Pedicels  bibracteolate.     Petals  yellow. 


Etymology.  An  old  name  of  the  St.  JohnVwort,  composed  of  a  priva- 
tive, and  a-Kipos,  asperity,  from  the  smoothness  of  these  plants. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  genus  of  several  species,  natives 
of  the  Atlantic  and  chiefly  Southern  United  States,  and  of  the  West  Indies. 
Two  species  extend  northward  in  the  warm  Pine  barrens  near  the  coast,  as 
far  as  New  Jersey  and  Long  Island.  — Besides  the  genuine  species,  which 
have  the  outer  pair  of  sepals  ovate  or  cordate,  many  times  larger  than 
the  narrow  or  minute  and  somewhat  colored  inner  pair,  and  entirely  inclos- 
ing them  as  well  as  the  pod  in  fruit,  there  is  a  single  species  in  Florida  (A. 
microsepalum,  Torr.  cj-  Gr.;  the  genus  Isophyllum,  Spactt)  with  the  small 
and  narrow  sepals  not  more  unequal  than  in  Hypericum,  from  which  it  dif- 
fers only  in  the  quaternary  number  of  parts,  and  to  which,  rather  than  to 
Ascyrum,  it  should  most  probably  be  appended.  Thus  restricted,  the  pres- 
ent genus  is  well  marked  in  habit  and  character. 


PLATE  91.     Ascyrum  stans,  Miehx.  ;  —  a  flowering  branch  (from  New 
Jersey,  Knitskirn),  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower,  aestivation,  &c. 

2.  Flower,  the  petals  removed  or  fallen. 

3.  Outsidej  and  4,  inside  view  of  an  anther,  &c,  magnified. 

5.  A  tricarpellary  pistil  and  the  receptacle,  magnified. 

6.  Transverse  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  placenta;  and  ovules. 

7.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

8.  Capsule  in  the  fructiferous  calyx,  the  anterior  sepal  turned  down. 

9.  Capsule  removed  from  the  calyx,  of  the  natural  size. 

10.  A  magnified  seed. 

11.  Vertical  section  of  the  same  and  of  the  contained  embryo. 


hypericace^e.  213 

Plate  92,  93. 
HYPERICUM,    Tourn.,  L. 

Sepala  5.  Petala  5,  inaequilatera,  aestivatione  convoluta. 
Glandulae  inter  stamina  indefinita  rariusve  pauca  nullae. 
Capsula  1  —  5-locularis.  —  Flores  flavi. 

Hypericum,  Lam.  Ill   t.  643.      Giertn.  Fr.  t.  62.      Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N. 

Am.  I.  p.  157.     Endl.  Gen.  5464. 
Hypericum,  Ascyrum,  &  Androsjemum,  Tourn.  Inst.  &c. 
Hypericum  &  Sarothra,  Linn.  Gen.  383,  902.  excl.  spec. 

St.  Jolin's-wort. 


Calyx  herbaceous  or  foliaceous,  persistent ;  the  sepals  5, 
equal  or  somewhat  unequal,  imbricated  in  aestivation,  two  of 
them  exterior  (and  often  rather  larger),  and  two  interior, 
distinct,  or  united  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  hypogynous, 
alternate  with  the  sepals,  convolute  in  aestivation,  usually 
oblique  or  unequal -sided,  naked,  deciduous  or  marcescent. 
Stamens  indefinite,  very  numerous,  or  sometimes  few, 
hypogynous,  commonly  3  —  5-adelphous  at  the  base  or 
more  or  less  distinctly  collected  in  as  many  clusters  : 
filaments  capillary,  marcescent  :  anthers  globular,  didy- 
mous,  introrse  ;  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Hypogy- 
nous glands  none.  Ovary  of  3  or  5  united  carpels  (which 
are  opposite  the  sepals  when  of  equal  number),  one-celled, 
with  three  or  five  strictly  parietal  or  introflexed  placentae,  or 
3  -  5-celled  by  the  junction  and  cohesion  of  the  placentae  in 
the  axis :  styles  3  or  5,  filiform,  distinct,  or  united  below, 
sometimes  united  to  the  apex,  but  separable  in  fruit,  persist- 
ent :  stigmas  usually  capitate.  Ovules  indefinite,  in  two  or 
several  series  on  each  placenta,  horizontal,  anatropous. 

Capsule  like  the  ovary  one-celled  with  projecting  or 
strictly  parietal  placentae,  or  3  -  5-celled  by  the  junction  of 
the  placentae  in  the  axis,  septicidally  3  -  5-valved  ;  the  pla- 
centae adhering  to  the  inflexed  edges  of  the  valves,  or  often 


214  HYPERICACE.E. 

separating  from  them.  Seeds  very  numerous,  anatropous, 
oblong  or  cylindrical,  straight  or  sometimes  incurved ;  the 
testa  usually  conformed  to  the  nucleus  and  crustaceous, 
or  bearing  a  wing-like  raphe ;  the  inner  integument  thickish 
and  fleshy.  Albumen  none.  Embryo  oblong  or  cylindrical ; 
the  cotyledons  short,  at  the  extremity  opposite  the  hilum. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  ;  with  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  punc- 
tate with  pellucid  and  usually  also  with  dark-colored  dots  ; 
and  commonly  showy  yellow  flowers,  which  are  terminal 
and  solitary  or  in  cymes. 


Etymology.     'YirepiKov,  an  ancient  name,  of  uncertain  derivation. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  This  large  and  polymorphous  genus 
is  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  but  far  most  copiously  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  warmer  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  bolh  in 
the  New  and  in  the  Old  World.  It  is  doubtless  to  be  divided  hereafter,  but 
not  to  be  dismembered  to  the  extent  proposed  by  Spach. 

Properties.  The  herbage  is  acrid,  especially  in  the  herbaceous  species, 
as  irt  the  Common  St.  John's-wort,  which  has  been  variously  used  in  popu- 
lar medicine.     Many  species  are  also  balsamic. 


PLATE  92.  Hypericum  graveolens,  Buckley;  —  summit  of  a  flowering 
plant,  cultivated  in  the  Cambridge  Botanic  Garden,  from  the  moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina  ;  of  the  natural  size. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower,  aestivation,  &c. 

2.  One  of  the  three  sets  of  stamens  (united  at  the  base),  enlarged. 

3.  Inside,  and  4,  outside  view  of  a  more  magnified  stamen. 
5.  Pistil,  magnified ;  and  6,  transverse  section  of  the  ovary. 

7.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

8.  Enlarged  capsule,  divided  transversely,  with  the  calyx. 

9.  Magnified  seed  ;  and  10,  vertical  section  of  the  same  and  of  the  embryo. 
PLATE  93.     Hypericum  (Brathys)  Sarothra,  Michx. ;  —  natural  size. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower.     (Stamens  8,  in  three  sets.) 

2.  Enlarged  flower;  and  3,  the  two  stamens  of  the  third  set,  magnified. 

4.  Pistil,  magnified. 

5.  Enlarged  capsule,  transversely  divided,  showing  the  truly  parietal  seeds. 

6.  A  magnified  seed  ;  and  7,  section  of  the  same  and  of  the  embryo. 

8.  Capsule  (5-celled)  of  Hypericum  (Roscyna,  Spach)  pyramidatum, 

Ait. ;  —  in  dehiscence,  divided  transversely  and  enlarged. 

9.  A  magnified  seed  ;  and  10,  the  same  and  the  embryo  vertically  divided. 


HYPERJCACEjE.  215 


Plate  94. 

ELODEA,  Adans. 

Sepala  5.  Petala  5,  asquilatera,  inappendiculata,  aestiva- 
tione  imbricata,  decidua.  Glandulae  squamiformes  3,  pha- 
langibus  staminum  ssspissime  3-andris  alternse.  Capsula  3- 
locularis.  —  Flores  rubelli. 

Elodea,  Adans.  Fam.  2.  p.  443.     Pursh,  Fl.  2.  p.  479.     Nutl.  Gen.  2.  p. 

17.     Spach,  in  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  1.  c.     Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am. 

1.  p.  167.    Endl.  Gen.  5465.  (excl.  §  b.  c.) 
Hyperici  Sp.,  Linn.,  Michx. 

Hyperici  Sect.  Elodea,  Chois.  Prodr.  Mon.  Hyp.  p  43,  &  in  DC.  1.  c. 
Triadenium,  Raf.  in  Med.  Repos.  hex.  6.   2.  p.  350. 
Martia,  Spreng.  Syst.  3.  p.  333. 

Marsh  St.  Jolin's-wort. 


Calyx  persistent,  of  5  nearly  equal  nervose-striate  sepals, 
erect,  chartaceo-herbaceous,  quincuncially  imbricated  in  aes- 
tivation, persistent.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  ovate  or  spatu- 
late,  equal-sided,  not  appendiculate,  imbricated  in  aestivation 
(two  exterior  and  two  interior),  spreading  in  anthesis,  other- 
wise erect,  deciduous.  Stamens  9  (rarely  12  or  15),  triadel- 
phous,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  hypogynous ;  the  phalan- 
ges placed  opposite  the  dissepiments,  one  before  each  exte- 
rior petal,  and  the  third  between  the  third  and  fifth  petals  : 
filaments  united  for  one  third  or  half  then  length,  then 
linear-filiform,  persistent :  anthers  globular,  didymous,  in- 
trorse,  apiculate  with  the  glandular  apex  of  the  connective, 
the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Hypogynous  glands  3, 
conspicuous,  interposed  between  the  phalanges  of  the  sta- 
mens, ovate,  fleshy  and  nectariferous  (orange-colored).  Ovary 
ovoid-oblong,  three-celled  by  the  junction  of  the  thick  pla- 
centas in  the  axis :  styles  3,  subulate,  stigmatose  down  the 
inner  side.  Ovules  numerous,  in  three  or  more  series  on 
each  placenta,  horizontal,  anatropous. 

Capsule    oblong,  chartaceous.  three-celled,    many-seeded. 


216  HYPERICACE^E. 

septicidally  three-valved.  Seeds  very  numerous,  horizontal, 
oblong  ;  the  crustaceous  testa  minutely  striate  and  scrobicu- 
late ;  the  inner  integument  fleshy.  Albumen  none.  Em- 
bryo conformed  to  the  seed,  cylindrical :  cotyledons  at  the 
apex  remote  from  the  hilum,  much  shorter  than  the  radicle. 
Herbs  very  smooth  and  pale  green,  with  perennial  roots, 
terete  and  branching  stems,  and  decussately  opposite  oval  or 
oblong  entire  leaves,  which  are  sessile  by  a  broad  and  some- 
what clasping  base,  or  else  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole, 
punctate  with  translucent  and  larger  dark -colored  dots. 
Flowers  small,  cymulose  ;  the  contracted  cymes  axillary 
and  terminal,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves :  petals  flesh-col- 
ored, or  somewhat  orange-colored  in  fading.  Capsules  much 
larger  than  the  calyx,  the  pericarp  filled  with  resiniferous 
lines. 


Etymology.     Name  from  i\m&r]s,  growing  in  marshes,  from  the  station 

these  plants  inhabit. 

I 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.     A  well-marked  genus  of  two  spe- 
cies, natives  of  Eastern  North  America  from  Canada  to  Florida  and  Texas. 


PLATE  94.     Elodea  Virginica,  Nutt. ; — summit  of  a  flowering  plant, 
of  the  natural  size.     (Cambridge,  Massachusetts.) 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower,  Estivation,  &c. 

2.  Open  flower,  enlarged.  , 

3.  One  of  the  three  phalanges  of  the  stamens,  magnified  ;  inside  view. 

4.  Anther,  &c,  more  magnified,  outside  view  ;   and  5,  inside  view. 

6.  Pistil  and  receptacle,  magnified. 

7.  An  ovule,  highly  magnified. 

8.  A  capsule,  with  the  persistent  calyx  and  filaments  at  the  base,  enlarged. 

9.  A  magnified  seed. 

10.   Vertical  section  of  the  same  and  of  the  contained  embryo. 


Ord.    ELATINACEtE. 

Herbae  paludosae  annuae,  foliis  oppositis  seu  verticillatis, 
stipulis  interpetiolaribus,  floribus  axillaribus  :  dicotyledoneae, 
hypogyneas,  regulares,  symmetrica?,  2  -  5-meras ;  nempe,  se- 
palis,  petalis,  staminibus,  stylis  loculisque  ovarii  2,  3,  4,  v. 
5,  aut  staminibus  numero  duplis  ;  aestivatione  imbricativa ; 
ovulis  anatropis ;  placentis  in  columnam  centralem  conna- 
tis;  capsula  septifrage  vel  septicide  2— 5-valvi  polysperma  ; 
seminibus  exalbuminosis  ;  cotyledonibus  brevibus. 

ELATiNEi,  Camb.  in  Mem.  Mus.  18.  p.  225,  &  in  St.  Hil.  Fl.  Bras.  2.  p. 
160.  Arn.  in  Edinb.  Jour.  Nat.  Sci.  1.  p.  430.  Fisch.  &  Meyer, 
in  Linnjea,  10.  p.  6'J.  Endl.  Gen.  p.  1036.  Fenzl,  in  Regensb. 
Denkschr.  3.  p.  179. 

Elatinaces,  Lindl.  Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2.  p.  88,  &  Veg.  Kingd.  p.  480. 


The  Water-wort  Family  consists  of  about  twenty  known  species  of 
annual  herbs,  usually  of  small  size,  growing  in  water  or  wet  and  muddy 
places.  Much  the  greater  number  are  natives  of  the  Old  World,  in  the 
northern  hemisphere  ;  the  Elatines  chiefly  in  the  temperate,  and  the  Bergias 
in  the  tropical  regions.  Of  the  three  known  American  representatives,  two 
fall  within  the  limits  of  the  present  work  ;  while  the  third  is  Brazilian. 
They  are  bland  plants,  destitute  of  any  marked  sensible  qualities,  as  far  as 
is  known  ;  although  the  popular  name  of  Water  Pepper  in  Europe,  and  the 
Tamul  name  meaning  Water-fire,  which,  according  to  Dr.  Wight,  is  applied 
to  an  Indian  species,  would  seem  to  indicate  no  small  degree  of  acridity. 

Until  their  separation  as  a  distinct  family  by  Cambessedes,  these  plants 
had  been  appended  to  Caryophyllacete,  on  account  of  a  general  resemblance 
to  duckweeds ;  from  which  their  exalbuminous  and  anatropous  seeds  (much 
more  than  their  capitate  stigmas)  abundantly  distinguish  them.  Bartling 
joined  them  to  Lythraces,  which  some  of  them  resemble  in  aspect,  but  from 
which  they  differ  widely  in  their  stipulate  leaves,  discrete  styles  or  stigmas, 
and  especially  in  the  hypogynous  insertion  of  the  petals  and  stamens.  Lind- 
ley  refers  the  family  to  his  Rutal  alliance,  chiefly  on  considerations  deriv- 
ed from  one  or  two  plants  which  are  doubtless  with  justice  excluded  from 
the  order.  But  the  nearest  affinity  of  Elatinacea?  is  evidently  on  one  hand 
with  Hypericacese  ;  from  which  they  are  principally  distinguished  by  their 
15 


218  ELATINACE.E. 

stipules,  the  absence  of  pellucid  dots  in  the  leaves,  and  by  the  perfect  sym- 
metry of  the  distinct  stamens  ;  and  on  the  other  with  Crassulaceee,  through 
I)i;imorpha,  as  has  already  been  suggested  by  the  acute  Fenzl. 

The  two  Linnaean  genera  rested  on  the  number  of  stamens  and  styles; 
Elatine  being  octandrous  and  tetragynous,  and  Bergia,  decandrous  and  pen- 
tagynous.  But  it  afterwards  appeared  that  the  parts  of  the  flower  were 
occasionally  ternary,  and  the  stamens  sometimes  of  the  same  number  as  the 
petals  only,  namely  3,  4,  or  5  :  and  in  1817,  Nultall  introduced  a  third  ge- 
nus, Crypta,  with  a  dimerous  and  diandrous,  or  rarely  trimerous  and  trian- 
drous  flower,  and  few  seeds.  This  genus,  as  well  as  Bergia,  Fischer  and 
Meyer  soon  afterwards  referred  to  Elatine.  In  1829,  Cambessedes  found- 
ed on  a  Brazilian  plant  a  fourth  genus,  Merimea;  which  he  distinguished 
from  Bergia  by  its  smooth  (instead  of  ribbed)  seeds,  and  strictly  septicidal 
dehiscence,  the  dissepiments  coming  aw-ay  attached  to  the  valves ;  while  in 
Bergia  he  supposed  them  to  remain  adherent  to  the  axis  as  in  Elatine; 
—  leaving  the  pentamerous  instead  of  3  -  4-merous  flowers  to  distinguish 
Bergia  from  Elatine.  The  next  year,  Mr.  Arnott,  or  at  least  in  1834, 
in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Wight,  also  referred  all  the  plants  of  the  family 
(except  apparently  Lancretia  of  Delile)  to  Elatine  ;  at  the  same  time  errone- 
ously characterizing  the  dehiscence  as  loculicidal.  Endlicher  retained  the 
genera  Elatine,  Bergia,  and  Merimea  as  left  by  Cambessedes,  distinguishing 
Bergia  by  the  valves  of  the  capsule  being  introflexed  but  separating  from  the 
persistent  dissepiments  ;  and  appending  Lancretia  to  Hypericineae.  In 
1810,  Hooker  (in  Irones  Planlarum)  figured  a  Texan  pentamerous  species, 
with  just  the  habit  of  the  Indian  Bergias,  under  the  name  of  Merimea  (or 
Bergia?)  Texana ;  which,  not  having  ascertained  its  dehiscence,  he  referred 
to  Merimea  chiefly  because  of  its  being  a  native  of  the  New  World.  The 
dehiscence  of  this  species  having  been  ascertained  to  be  septifragal,  as  in 
Elatine  proper,  it  was  referred  to  that  genus  in  the  Supplement  to  the 
Flora  of  North  America,  Vol.  I.  More  recently,  Fenzl  has  successfully 
reduced  the  whole  to  the  two  Linnaean  genera  ;  Elatine  comprising  all  those 
with  septifragal  dehiscence,  and  Bergia  (including  Lancretia  and  Merimea) 
those  with  septicidal  dehiscence  ;  giving  to  the  former,  however,  the  origi- 
nal Linnajan  species  of  Bergia.  But  Seubert  has  since  observed  that  this 
species  is  septicidal,  and  has  restored  it  to  Bergia  ;  wrongly  taking  with  it, 
however,  our  E.  Texana,  the  dehiscence  of  which,  he  says,  is  not  clearly  de- 
scribed, although,  in  the  work  referred  to,  it  is  explicitly  said  to  be  septifragal. 

As  this  last  plant  is  now  the  only  pentamerous  Elatine,  and  presents  just 
the  aspect  of  Bergia,  I  have  allowed  it  to  form  a  distinct  section.  It  should 
be  remarked  that  the  specimens  gathered  by  Lindheimer  are  decandrous ! 

Finally,  as  it  appears  that  our  Crypta  differs  from  its  allies  by  the  eva- 
nescent partitions  of  the  delicate  pod  (if  we  mistake  not),  and  the  basilar 
placenta,  as  well  as  by  the  few  seeds  and  prevailingly  dimerous  flowers,  I 
have  separated  it  from  the  gerontogeous  species,  as  a  subgenus  merely  ; 
proposing,  however,  its  entire  reestablishmcnt,  in  ease  of  its  corroboration 
through  the  New  Zealand  E.  gratioloitks  of  Cunningham,  —  a  trimerous 
species  of  similar  habit,  which  is  described  as  having  a  unilocular  capsule. 


ELATINACEjE.  219 

Plate  95,  96. 
ELATINE,   L. 

Capsula  septifraga ;  dissepimentis  columnac  adnatis  persis- 
tentibus,  aut  raro  evanidis. 

Elatine,   Linn.   Gen.  502.      GEertn.   Fr.   t.   102.       Juss.   Gen.   p.   300. 

Schkuhr,  H:in4b.  1. 100.     Camb.  in  Mem.  Mus.  1.  c.     Fenzl,  1.  c. 

Seubert,  in  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Nat.  Cur.  21.  p.  38.  t.  2-5. 
Alsinastrum,  Vaill.  Bot.  Par.  p.  5.  t.  1.  f.  6. 

Subgen.  Crypta.  —  Flores  dimeri,  rarius  trimeri.  Dis- 
sepimentum  evanescens.  Placentae  basilares,  oligospermae. 
—  Folia  opposita,  integerrima. 

Crvpta,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Pnilad.  1.  p.  117.  t.  6. 

Subgen.  Bergella.  —  Flores  pentameri  (5  -  10-andri). 
Dissepimenta  persistentia.  Placentas  centrales.  —  Folia  op- 
posita, serrulata. 

Water-wort. 


Calyx  herbaceous,  of  2  to  5  sepals,  which  are  distinct  or 
united  barely  at  the  base,  imbricated  in  aestivation,  persist- 
ent. Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with 
them,  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  aestivation,  persistent  or 
marcescent.  Stamens  hypogynous,  as  many  as  the  petals 
and  alternate  with  them,  or  more  commonly  of  twice  their 
number  and  both  alternate  with  and  opposite  them :  fila- 
ments subulate,  persistent :  anthers  globular  or  cordate, 
introrse ;  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  globular', 
sessile,  usually  3-4-celled,  rarely  (in  Bergella)  five-celled, 
the  cells  alternate  with  the  petals ;  or  in.  Crypta  mostly  two- 
celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  petals  (anterior  and  posterior): 
the  placentas  in  the  axis,  central,  or  in  Crypta  basilar  :  styles 
as  many  as  the  cells,  short  or  almost  wanting,  persistent : 
stigmas  dilated.  Ovules  anatropous,  indefinite,  covering 
the  thick  placentae,  in  Crypta  rather  few  and  all  ascending. 
15  * 


220  ELATlNACEiE. 

Capsule  globular,  membranaceous  or  chartaceous,  3-4- 
celled,  or  in  Bergella  five-celled,  septifragally  dehiscent  by 
as  many  valves  opposed  to  the  sepals,  their  margins  separat- 
ing from  the  persistent  dissepiments,  which  remain  attached 
to  the  central  axis,  interposed  between  the  projecting  many- 
seeded  placentas  ;  or  in  Crypta  the  membranous  capsule 
bursts  irregularly  ?  and  the  delicate  dissepiments  disappear 
after  or  before  the  capsule  opens,  leaving  a  basilar  placenta 
bearing  6  to  12  erect  seeds.  Seeds  anatropous,  oblong  or 
cylindrical,  straight  or  incurved ;  the  crustaceous  testa  longi- 
tudinally ribbed  and  transversely  rugose  or  reticulated  :  inner 
integument  thin.  Albumen  none.  Embryo  conformed  to 
the  seed  :  cotyledons  semiterete,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the 
cylindraceous  radicle  which  points  to  the  hilum. 

Herbs,  usually  small  aquatic  annuals,  with  opposite,  or  in 
>$-  Potamopithys  verticillate,  sessile  or  short-petioled  and  en- 
tire or  toothed  leaves,  with  interposed  stipules,  and  small 
(solitary  or  rarely  cymulose-fascicled)  axillary  flowers.  Stip- 
ules distinct  or  more  or  less  united  in  pairs,  entire  or  toothed. 


Ktvmology.     'EXanVj/,  an  ancient  name,  from  'E\aTrj,n  fir-tm,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  appearance  of  the  verticillate-leaved  species. 


PLATE  95.  Elatine  (Crypta)  Americana,  Am.  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

1.  Flowering  branch,  magnified. 

2.  Diagram  of  a  dimerous  flower.    (Carpels,  &c,  anterior  and  posterior.) 

3.  A  flower,  more  magnified. 

4.  A  magnified  stamen,  outside,  and  5,  an  inside  view. 

6.  Pistil,  magnified ;  and  7,  vertical  section,  showing  the  basilar  placentae. 

8.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

9.  A  seed,  magnified  ;  and  10,  a  vertical  section  of  it  through  the  embryo. 
PLATE  96.    E.  (Bergella)  Texana,  Torr.  <5f  Gr.  /  —  Texas,  Lindheimer. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower,  aestivation,  &c. 

2.  Two  flowers,  with  the  axis,  base  of  the  leaves,  and  stipules,  magnified. 

3.  A  sepal ;  4,  a  petal  ;  and  5,  a  stamen,  more  magnified. 

6.  Ovary,  magnified  ;  and  7,  vertical  section  through  the  placentae. 

8.  Dehiscent  capsule,  with  the  persistent  sepals  and  petals,  enlarged. 

9.  Transverse  section,  showing  the  septifragal  dehiscence,  &c. 

10.  A  magnified  seed. 

1 1 .  Vertical  section  of  the  same,  through  the  contained  embryo. 


Ord.  PORTULACACEiE. 

Herbas  (v.  frutescentes)  succulents,  insipidaa,  exstipulatte, 
foliis  integerrimis :  dicotyledoneas,  anisomerae,  regulares,  hy- 
pogynas  vel  perigynaa  ;  calyce  saepius  dipetalo,  corolla  3-6- 
petala  seu  nulla ;  asstivatione  imbricativo  ;  staminibus  petalis 
numero  asqualibus  et  antepositis  aut  indefinitis ;  ovulis  am- 
phitropis  e  placenta  centrali ;  embryone  peripherico  annulari 
vel*hippocrepiformi  albumen  farinaceum  cingente. 

Portulace.e,   Juss.  Gen.  p.  313.  (excl.  gen.)      DC.   Prodr.  3.  p.  351. 

Fenzl,  in  Ann.  Wien.  Mus.  &  in  Endl.  Gen.  p.  946  (ex  parte). 

Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  p.  500. 
Portulacacej:,  Lindl.  Imrod.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2.  p.  123.     Torr.  &  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  195. 


The  Purslane  Family  consists  of  succulent  plants,  with  a  watery  or 
mucilaginous  juice,  entirely  destitute  of  any  active  or  harmful  properties, 
usually  bearing  ephemeral,  and  often  showy  flowers.  The  order  is  most 
allied  to  the  Mesembryanthemacea?  on  one  hand,  and  to  Caryophyllaceae 
on  the  other.  Its  limits  are  by  no  means  well  settled  ;  but  the  genuine 
Portulacaceous  plants  are  recognized  by  a  calyx  of  two  sepals,  while  the 
corolla  is  composed  of  three  to  six,  usually  5  petals,  which  have  the  stamens 
opposite  them  or  attached  to  their  base,  except  when  the  latter  are  more 
numerous  or  indefinite  ;  and  by  the  commonly  one-celled  capsule  with  a  free 
central  placenta  from  the  base,  with  reniform  or  lenticular  seeds  having  the 
slender  embryo  coiled  around  the  outside  of  farinaceous  albumen,  as  in  Ca- 
rvophyllaceas,  &c.  Sesuvium  anil  its  allies,  however,  have  a  regular  5- 
parted  calyx  and  are  apetalous. 

Portulacaeea;  are  chiefly  indigenous  to  the  tropical  and  warmer  temperate 
regions,  and  grow  in  sunny  and  parched  situations,  as  do  other  succulents. 
This  is  not  the  case,  however,  with  Claytonia  and  Montia,  which  are  scarce- 
ly fleshy,  and  inhabit  rich  and  damp  woods  or  wet  places,  and  extend  north 
even  to  the  arctic  zone. 

Several  plants  of  the  order  besides  the  well-known  Purslane  are  employed 
as  potherbs.  The  tuberous  root  of  a  Claytonia  is  eaten  in  Siberia  ;  and  the 
farinaceous  roots  of  Lewisia  furnish  the  Indians  of  Oregon  with  an  important 
article  of  food . 


222  PORTULACACEiE. 


Conspectus  of  the  United  States  Genera. 

*  Sepals  2.     Petals  usually  5.     (True  Portulacaceae.) 

Claytonia.  (Plate  97.)  Calyx  persistent.  Stamens  5,  adherent  to 
the  base  of  the  hypogynous  petals  (which  are  not  ephemeral) .  Cap- 
sule 3-valved,  3  -  6-seeded. 

Talinum.  (Plate  98.)  Calyx  deciduous.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  ephe- 
meral.    Stamens  10  -  30.     Capsule  3-valved,  many-seeded. 

Portulaca.  (Plate  99.)  Calyx  2-cleft,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  ova- 
ry. Petals  4-6,  perigynous,  ephemeral.  Stamens  8 -20.  Capsule 
circumscissile  at  the  middle,  the  upper  portion  deciduous  with  the 
limb  of  the  calyx,  one-celled,  many-seeded. 

*  #  Sepals  5.     Corolla  wanting. 

Sesuvium.  (Plate  100.)  Calyx  5-parted,  free.  Stamens  5  -  20 ,  insert- 
ed in  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Capsule  circumscissile,  3-5-eelled, 
many-seeded.     Styles  distinct. 


portulacack.k  223 

Plate  97. 
CLAYTONIA,  L. 

Calyx  2-sepalus,  liber,  persistens.  Petala  5,  hypogyna, 
hand  ephemera.  Stamina  5,  unguibus  petalorum  inserta. 
Stylus  apice  trifidus.  Capsula  unilocularis,  3-valvis,  basi 
3  -  6-sperma.  —  Herba?  saepius  diphyllas,  inflorescentia  race- 
miformij  floribus  albis  vel  roseis. 

Claytonia,  Linn.  Gen.  287.      Lam.  III.  t.   144.      Gaertn.   Fr.  t.  12!). 

Pursh,  Fl.  1.  p.  175.  t.  3.      DC.  PI.  Gras.  t.  131,  &  Prodr.  3.  p. 

360.     Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  1.  p.  224.  t.  71-74.     Torr.  &.  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  19S.     Endl.  Gen.  5180. 
Limnia,  Linn,  in  Act.  Ups.  1746.  p.  130.  t.  5. 

Spring  Beauty. 


Calyx  herbaceous,  of  two  ovate  sepals,  imbricated  in  aes- 
tivation (both  margins  of  one  exterior),  persistent.  Petals 
5,  hypogynous,  equal,  quincuncially  imbricated  in  aestiva- 
tion, distinct,  or  somewhat  united  by  the  short  claws  or  con- 
tracted base,  spreading,  expanding  for  more  than  one  day,  at 
length  gelatinous-colliquescent.  Stamens  5,  equal,  one  be- 
fore each  petal ;  the  filiform  or  subulate  filament  inserted 
on  its  base  :  anthers  oval  or  oblong,  fixed  by  the  middle, 
introrse ;  the  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  ovoid, 
one-celled:  style  slender,  three-cleft ;  the  slender  divisions 
stigmatose  down  the  inner  side.  Ovules  3  to  6,  on  short 
free  funiculi  which  rise  from  the  base  of  the  cell,  campy- 
lotropous. 

Capsule  ovoid,  membranaceous,  one-celled,  three-valved 
(loculicidally)  3-6-seeded  from  the  base.  Seeds  erect,  len- 
ticular, with  a  shining  crustaceous  testa,  not  strophiolate  at 
the  hilum.  Embryo  incompletely  annular  or  curved  into 
the  form  of  a  horseshoe  around  the  outside  of  the  farina- 
ceous albumen :  radicle  inferior,  much  longer  than  the 
semiterete  cotyledons. 


224  PORTUI.ACACE.ffi. 

Herbs,  usually  of  humble  size,  very  smooth,  slightly  suc- 
culent, either  annual  with  fibrous  roots,  or  perennial  from  a 
caudex  or  globular  tuber  ;  the  leaves  plane  and  entire  ;  the 
radical  ones  long-petioled  ;  the  cauline  rarely  alternate,  or  in 
several  pairs,  usually  a  single  pah,  either  distinct  or  connate. 
Inflorescence  racemiform  and  usually  secund  (but  the  bracts, 
if  any,  not  subtending  the  pedicels),  or  rarely  manifestly 
cymulose :   the  petals  rose-color  or  white. 


Etymology.  Dedicated  to  John  Clayton,  of  Virginia,  one  of  the  earliest 
botanists  of  this  country,  and  who  furnished  to  Gronovius  the  materials  of 
the  Flora  Virginica. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  North  American  and  Siberian 
genus  of  about  twenty  known  species,  of  which  two,  belonging  to  Clay- 
tonia  proper,  are  natives  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  are  among 
the  prettiest  of  our  vernal  flowers.  The  greater  number,  and  especially  the 
annual  species,  are  indigenous  to  Oregon  and  North  California. 


PLATE  97.     Claytonia  Virginica,  Linn. ;  —  plant  of  the  natural  size. 
(Botanic  Garden,  Cambridge  ;  from  New  York.) 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower,  ajstivation,  &c. 

2.  A  petal  with  the  stamen  attached,  enlarged. 

3.  Outside,  and  4,  inside  view  of  a  stamen,  more  magnified. 

5.  Pistil,  enlarged. 

6.  The  ovary,  vertically  divided,  showing  the  insertion  of  the  ovules. 

7.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

8.  Dehiscent  capsule,  with  the  seeds,  and  the  persistent  calyx,  enlarged. 

9.  A  seed,  more  magnified. 

10.   Vertical  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo  curved  almost  round 
the  albumen. 


PORTULACACEyE.  225 

Plate  98. 
TALINUM,  Adans. 

Calyx  2-sepalus,  liber,  deciduus.  Petala  5,  hypogyna, 
ephemera.  Stamina  10-30,  hypogyna.  Stylus  apice  trilo- 
bus.  Capsula  unilocularis,  3-valvis,  polysperma.  —  Flores 
saspius  cymosi. 

Talinum,  Adans.  Fara.  2.  p.  145.  excl.  spec.     Gaertn.  Fr.  t.  219.     Sims. 

Bot.  Mag.  t.  1357.     Haworth,  Syn.  Succ.  p.  123.     DC.  Prodr.  3. 

p.  356.     Fenzl,  in  Ann.  Wein.  Mus.  2.  p.  296.     Torr.  &  Gray, 

Fl.  N.  Am.  1.  p.  196.    Endl.  Gen.  5178. 
Phemeranthds,  Raf.  Speech.  1.  p.  86. 


Calyx  herbaceous,  of  two  ovate  sepals,  imbricated  in  aes- 
tivation, deciduous.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  quincuncially 
imbricated  in  aestivation,  expanding  in  sunshine  for  a  single 
day,  deciduous  soon  after.  Stamens  10  to  30,  hypogynous, 
or  slightly  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petals :  filaments  fili- 
form :  anthers  introrse,  fixed  by  the  middle  ;  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  globular,  slightly  three- 
grooved,  one-celled,  or  three-celled  below,  the  thin  dissepi- 
ments soon  disappearing :  style  columnar  or  filiform,  three- 
lobed,  the  whole  inner  surface  of  the  lobes  stigmatose. 
Ovules  indefinite,  on  slender  funiculi,  inserted  all  over  the 
central  and  usually  stipitate  placenta,  amphitropous  or  cam- 
pylotropous. 

Capsule  chartaceous,  smooth,  globular,  one-celled,  loculi- 
cidally  three-valved  (the  valves  in  T.  teretifolium  usually 
separating  or  separable  from  a  capillary  replum),  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  covering  the  free  central  placenta,  lenticular 
or  reniform,  strophiolate  at  the  hilum ;  the  crustaceous  testa 
smooth  and  shining.  Embryo  incompletely  annular  around 
the  outside  of  the  farinaceous  albumen. 

Herbs  or  suffruticose  fleshy  plants,  very  smooth,  with 
alternate  or  somewhat  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  cymose 
fugacious  flowers,  expanding  in  the  morning  sunshine. 


22G  PORTULACACE.&. 

Etymology  obscure  :  probably  an  unmeaning  name. 

Geographical  Distribution.  A  tropical  and  subtropical  genus  ;  with 
the  exception  of  T.  teretifolium,  which  extends  northward  to  Pennsylvania, 
and  a  nearly  allied  species  in  Arkansas. 


PLATE  98.  Talinum  (Phemeranthus,  Raf.)  teretifolium,  Pursh;  — 
plant  of  the  natural  size,  cultivated  in  the  Cambridge  Botanic  Gar- 
den, from  Westchester,  Pennsylvania,  Darlington. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  aestivation,  &c,  with  a  transverse  section  of  the  ovary 

near  the  base,  showing  the  incomplete  dissepiments. 

2.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary  and  receptacle,  &c,  magnified. 

3.  Pistil  and  receptacle  entire,  equally  magnified. 

4.  A  stamen,  magnified,  inside  view. 

5.  Same,  seen  from  the  outside. 

6.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

7.  A  capsule,  enlarged  ;  the  valves  just  separating. 

8.  The  same,  more  dehiscent,  showing  the  seeds  packed  on  the  placenta. 

9.  A  magnified  seed. 

10.  The  same,  vertically  divided,  showing  the  coiled  embryo. 


PORTULACACE.E.  227 


Plate  99. 
PORTULACA,    Tourn. 

Calyx  tubo  cum  ovario  inferne  connato,  limbo  2-partito 
circumscisse  deciduo.  Petala  4-6,  cum  staminibus  S-20 
summo  calycis  tubo  iuserta,  fugacissima.  Stylus  3  —  S-parti- 
tus.  Capsula  unilocularis,  polysperma,  circumscisse  dehis- 
cens. 

Portulaca,  Tourn.  Inst.  p.  236.  t.  118.  Adans.  Fam.  2.  p.  242.  Juss. 
Gen.  p.  312.  Gasrtn.  Fr.  t.  128.  DC.  PI.  Gras.  1. 123,  &  Prodr. 
3.  p.  353.     Endl.  Gen.  5174. 

Purslane. 


Calyx  two-cleft  or  two-parted ;  the  tube  coherent  with 
the  lower  part  of  the  ovary ;  the  divisions  herbaceous,  im- 
bricated in  aestivation,  circumscissile  round  their  base  and 
deciduous.  Petals  4  to  6,  distinct,  or  a  little  united  at  the 
base,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  tube  of  the  calyx  just 
where  it  becomes  free  from  the  ovary,  equal  or  unequal, 
imbricated  in  aestivation,  expanding  only  once,  then  colli- 
quescent.  Stamens  8  or  numerous,  inserted  at  the  base  of 
the  petals :  filaments  subulate  or  filiform  :  anthers  introrse, 
didymous,  the  oval  cells  opening  longitudinally.  Ovary 
ovoid,  one-celled,  wiflk  a  free  basilar  placenta :  styles  3  to 
8,  united  at  the  base,  stigmatose  down  the  inner  side. 
Ovules  indefinite,  erect  on  capillary  and  free  or  branching 
funiculi  from  the  basilar  placenta,  amphitropous. 

Capsule  (pyxis)  membranaceous,  one-celled,  ovoid  or 
globular,  circumscissile  near  the  middle  at  the  point  where 
the  calyx  ceases  to  be  adherent,  the  upper  part  falling  off  as 
a  lid.  Seeds  numerous,  campylotropous,  reniform-annular  ; 
the  crustaceous  and  shining  testa  often  granulated.  Embryo 
completely  or  incompletely  annular  around  the  outside  of 
the  farinaceous  albumen :  radicle  inferior  :  cotyledons 
semiterete,  incumbent. 


228  PORTULACACE.E. 

Herbs  low  and  succulent ;  with  alternate  or  irregularly 
opposite  entire  leaves,  which  are  either  terete  or  plane,  and 
often  furnished  with  tufts  of  bristles  in  their  axils ;  the  up- 
permost usually  involucrate  around  the  solitary  or  clustered 
(sessile  or  pedicellate)  flowers.  Petals  yellow,  purple,  or 
rose-color,  delicate,  expanding  in  direct  sunshine  during  the 
forenoon,  soon  closing,  and  before  evening  colliquescent. 


Etymology,  Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  The  old  Latin  name, 
of  uncertain  meaning,  for  the  Common  Purslane,  which  has  been  used  from 
all  antiquity  as  a  potherb,  and  in  salads.  All  are  natives  of  the  tropics  and 
of  the  southern  border  of  the  northern  temperate  zone  ;  but  the  common 
Purslane  has  from  early  times  been  naturalized  around  gardens  almost  every- 
where. Several  showy  species  have  recently  become  common  in  cultiva- 
tion. P.  pilosa  is  indigenous  on  our  Southern  frontiers  ;  and  P.  oleracea 
itself  is  said  to  be  truly  wild  in  Arkansas  and  Texas. 


PLATE  99.     Portulaca  oleracea,  Linn. ;  —  a  branch  in  flower,  of  the. 
natural  size. 
1.  Diagram  of  the  flower,  aestivation,  &c. 
•2.  Magnified  stamen,  outside  view. 

3.  Inside  view  of  the  same. 

4.  Vertical  section  through  the  ovary  and  adherent  calyx,  &c,  magnified. 

5.  An  ovule,  more  magnified. 

6.  A  capsule  (pyxis),  enlarged. 

7.  Same,  with  the  lid  detached,  showing  the  seeds. 

8.  A  seed,  more  magnified. 

9.  Vertical  section  of  the  same  through  the  e^bi'V". 


POKTULACACEvE.  229 

Plate  100. 
SESUVIUM,  L. 

Calyx  5-partitus,  liber,  persistens.  Petala  nulla.  Stami- 
na perigyna,  10  — 15  vel  indefinita,  rarius  5  sinubus  calycis 
inserta.  Styli  3-5.  Capsula  3  —  5-locularis,  polysperma, 
circumscisse  dehiscens.  —  Herbae  prostratee  littorales,  foliis 
oppositis  succulentis. 

Sescvium,  Linn.  Gen.  624.  Jacq.  Stirp.  Amer.  t.  05.  Lam.  III.  t.  434. 
DC.  PI.  Gras.  t.  9,  &  Prodr.  3.  p.  453.  Wight  &  Am.  Prodr. 
Fl.  Ind.  Or.  1.  p.  3G1.     Endl.  Gen.  5170. 


Calyx  deeply  five-cleft  or  five-parted,  free,  persistent ;  the 
sepals  quincuncially  imbricated  in  asstivation,  herbaceous, 
colored  (purplish)  inside,  sometimes  mucronate  or  comute 
below  the  tip.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
short  tube  of  the  calyx,  rarely  5  and  alternate  with  the  se- 
pals, oftener  10  to  15,  or  indefinite :  filaments  filiform : 
anthers  globular,  didymous,  introrse,  the  cells  opening  lon- 
gitudinally. Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  3  -  5-celled,  with 
the  placenta?  in  the  axis:  styles  3  to  5,  distinct,  stigmatose 
for  the  whole  length  of  the  inner  side.  Ovules  numerous 
in  each  cell,  ascending  on  filiform  funiculi  arising  from  the 
axile  placenta. 

Capsule  (pyxis)  ellipsoid  or  oblong,  membranaceous,  3- 
5-celled,  many-seeded,  circumscissile  as  in  Portulaca  at  or 
below  the  middle,  the  upper  part  falling  off  as  a  lid.  Seeds 
reniform  or  globular,  campylotropous,  smooth.  Embryo 
curved  around  the  outside  of  the  farinaceous  albumen,  an- 
nular or  nearly  so. 

Herbs  prostrate,  succulent  and  maritime ;  with  opposite 
and  entire  fleshy  leaves,  and  terminal  or  axillary  and  sessile 
or  short-peduncled  flowers. 


230  PORTULACACK.E. 

Etymology.     An  unexplained  name. 

Geographical  Distribution,  &c.  A  genus  evidently  allied  to  Portu- 
laca,  notwithstanding  the  5-sepalous  calyx,  &c,  composed  of  a  few  spe- 
cies of  strictly  maritime  plants,  which  arc  principally  tropical ;  but  two  or 
more  species  inhabit  the  coast  of  the  Southern  States,  and  even  extend 
northward,  it  is  said,  as  far  as  New  Jersey.  The  species  figured  is  re- 
markable for  having  the  minimum  number  of  stamens. 


PLATE  100.    Sesuvium  pentandrum,  Ell. ; —  New  Orleans,  Drummond. 

1.  Diagram  of  the  flower. 

2.  Calyx,  with  the  stamens,  detached  and  laid  open  ;  magnified. 

3.  A  magnified  stamen,  inside  view. 

4.  Pistil,  magnified. 

5.  Vertical  section  through  the  ovary  and  calyx,  &c. 

6.  Capsule  (pyxis)  magnified,  the  persistent  calyx  spread  open,  the  lid 

raised  up,  showing  the  seeds. 

7.  A  seed,  more  magnified. 

8.  Section  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo  curved  around  the  albumen. 


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